Dr. Carlos F. Márquez Linares Dr. Enrique F. Quero Gervilla Doctoral Programme in Languages, Texts and Contexts Faculty of Translation and Interpreting university of granada

RECOMMENDED TRANSLATION: Calque Блокирование акций (Ruscorpora) Blokirovanie aktziy L.t.: Blocking of shares

The DT and Calque method includes the DT of terms created by means of semantic transfer in the target language. The figurativeness of these terms is usually preserved. The description is triggered by making the term easier to understand in Russian.

The term shares lock-up has the following equivalent in Russian: временное блокирование совершения акционерами сделок с акциями (vremennoe blokirovanie sovershenija akcionerami sdelok s akcijami, L.t.: temporal lock-up/blocking of carrying out transactions employing shares by shareholders). In this case the term element “lock-up”, derived from the phrasal verb “to lock up” with the help of conversion, was borrowed into Russian with the help of Calque: blocking. The verb “to lock up” means “to invest your money in something, so that it is not available for you to spend” (Macmillan) in Management terminology. DT does not aim to explain the semantic components of the term element “lock-up”. Rather, it is used to describe the process: transactions employing shares which are locked-up, rather than available shares. The additional element “shareholders” can be easily eliminated without changing the meaning of the term; however, it contributes to term accuracy.

The Russian term временное блокирование совершения акционерами сделок с акциями (vremennoe blokirovanie sovershenija akcionerami sdelok s akciami, L.t.: temporal lock- up/blocking of carrying out transactions employing shares by shareholders) appears to be between Pure DT and Calque and DT. Its descriptive form resembles a definition, and yet it contains term components which were introduced into the Russian term with the help of Calque: блокирование (blocking, lock-up). Ideally the term should be created using Pure DT, because it borrowed the term component from the English term as an additional component, rather than using Calque as a base. The term is mentioned in the glossaries and dictionaries (see table 11), but it is not used in Ruscorpora, and is all but absent on the Internet.

The shorter equivalent,лобкирование пакета акций (blokirovanie paketa akcij, L.t.: blocking of the package of shares) (see table 11), is widely used in Ruscorpora. It represents a case of Calque and DT, because the term form is based on the English one, with an additional descriptive element (package) and the reversion of the word order. The term was found in 3 Ruscorpora documents, which was surpassed by another equivalent, created using Calque: блокирование акций (Ruscorpora) (blokirovanie akcij; L.t.: blocking of shares). This term appears in 5 Ruscorpora documents and demonstrates that Calque is the successful term translation method in this case. Calque can be recommended as the translation method for the English term. Regarding the term shares lock-up, the form of the term allows its figurativeness to

be preserved under translation, although Pure DT without a motivated form is offered in the dictionaries as the legal term: ограничение операций по акциям (Academic) (оgranichenije operatcij po akcijam; L.t.: legal term: the restriction of operations with shares).

2. Calque and DT. Concretization

DT can be used to reveal the meaning of term components and, paradoxical as it may seem, to limit its content. Prepositional constructions can be used in this case, not only because of the term form but also because of the semantically-dense meaning of one or several term components in the source language. The translation of the term mandatory bid into Russian illustrates such a case.