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RECOMMENDED TRANSLATION: Pure DT
Принудительный выкуп (акций) Prinuditel’nyj vykup (akcij)
L.t.: an compulsory buy-out (of shares)
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The term drag-along right, which includes the phrasal verb to drag along can be translated using Calque : право «потянуть за собой» (Lingvo) (pravo potjanut’ za soboj, L.t.: the right to drag (smth.) with you). The figurative meaning in this case is preserved, but the content of the term is not clarified.
The DT право мажоритарного акционера принудить других акционеров продать свои акции на тех же условиях (IFC) (pravo mazhoritarnogo akcionera prinudit’ drugih akcionerov prodat’ svoi akcii na teh zhe uslovijah, L.t.: the right of the majority shareholder to make other shareholders sell their shares under the same conditions), retrieved from the IFC glossary, discloses the meaning of the term. DT does not focus on the form of the English term, but on its figurative meaning. The principal semantic components are made explicit: “a right that enables a majority shareholder to force a minority shareholder to join in the sale of a company” (Investopedia); “a right that allows majority shareholders to force minority shareholders to
accept an agreement” (InvestorWords); “majority shareholder's privilege of obligating the minority shareholders to sell their shares at a price offered in accordance with the shareholders agreement” (Business Dictionary). The metaphoric form of the English term is not preserved in the Russian term due to the translators’ desire to make the form of the term transparent.
Although it seems unambiguous, the form of the term is not stable or fixed. There are numerous variations of the Russian form in different resources, including more concise term forms: права подключения, права подключения к сделке (к продаже), права подключить (к продаже) (Academic) (pravo podkljuchenija, pravo podkljuchenija k sdelke (k prodazhe), pravo podkljuchit’ (k prodazhe), L.t.: the right of joining, the right to join the bargain (the sale), the right to join (the sale) (see table 6).
All the Russian terms highlight different semantic components of the English term. According to the definitions of the term in the source language (see table 6), the term component “minority shareholders” can mean such components as “other shareholders”, or “joint sale of shares”: “обязанность миноритарного акционера продать свой пакет акций наряду с мажоритарным акционером на тех же условиях… Это так называемое Drag - along right” (L.t.: a duty of a minority shareholder to sell their stock of shares along with a majority shareholder on the same terms) (Kotova-Smolenskaja, 2009).
The term component “on the same terms” is indispensable along with the term component “to sell the stock of shares”, regardless of the general meaning of the term “drag along”, which is also used in the sphere of Corporate Management to denote some mechanisms of joining a deal: “разновидности «механизмов требования присоединения к сделке»” (Dolinskaja & Faleev, 2010, p. 162) (raznovidnosti mehanizmov trebovaniya prisoedinitsya k sdelke).
All the abovementioned examples indicate that the target term form is redundant and not convenient to use. The term components “свой” (one´s), “другие” (others) etc. do not contribute to the transparency of the Russian term and make it appear between DT and Irrelevant Components. Accordingly a shorter form can be used in the field of Corporate Governance in order to prevent an ambiguous translation. Nevertheless the shorter term forms recommended in the dictionary were not found in the Ruscorpora documents (see the table 6): права
подключения, права подключения к сделке (к продаже), права подключить (к продаже) (Academic) (prava podkljuchenija, prava podkluchenija k sdelke (k prodazhe), pravo podkljuchit’ (k prodazhe), L.t. rights of joining, rights to join the bargain (the sale), the right to join (the sale)). The only term form which is used with relative frequentcy used on the Internet is право потянуть за собой (pravo potjanut’ za soboj; L.t.: the right to drag (smth. /smb.) with you). This term was created using Calque with the corresponding figurative meaning, making its form recognizable, interesting and innovative within the field of Management. Nevertheless, the term is often used in a more expanded form with the aim to disclose its meaning (see table 6). Accordingly, the previously mentioned term may be recommended as a translation for the English term drag along right with the condition that its form is to be fixed and crystallized within the field of Management (without any expansion of its form).
The existence of terms with similar meanings can mislead a translator when dealing with the Russian term: право мажоритарного акционера принудительно выкупать бумаги у других акционеров (Ruscorpora) (pravo mazhoritarnogo akcionera prinuditel’no vykupat’ bumagi u drugih akcionerov, L.t.: a right of a majority shareholder to buy out forcibly the documents of other shareholders). The term refers to the English term a squeeze out or a freeze out, which is defined as “an action taken by a firm's majority shareholders that pressures minority holders to sell their stakes in the company. A variety of maneuvers may be considered freeze-out tactics, such as the termination of minority shareholder employees or the refusal to declare dividends.” (Investopedia). The metaphorical form indicates that the action is to oblige somebody to do something; however, the term does not have the component of “following” and it makes it different from the term drag-along right.
The use of Russian terms corresponding to the term freeze out indicates that the short descriptive form is the most relevant one: принудительный выкуп (акций) (Academic) (prinuditel’nyj vykup (akcij); L.t.: a compulsory buy-out (of shares)). The term is used in a total of 26 documents, which is frequent when compared with the other forms. It is interesting that Calque with figurative meaning which was recommended for the translation of the term drag- along right (see table 6) is not used as a translation method for the term freeze out. Nevertheless, the Calque with a short descriptive form allows translators of LSP texts to avoid ambiguity
connected to the use of similar term components such as “to buy (out)”, “minority shareholders” and “to pressure”.
Form-Oriented Pure DT
Form-Oriented Pure DT is a rare case. It is implicitly tiriggered by the form of a source term, i.e. the choice of a descriptive form is not based on content of a source term, but it focuses on the reproducing of a difficult term form in Russian.
Form-Oriented Pure DT borders on Calque and DT, because it employs source term components; however, these components are integrated into the pure description of a term form.
The requirements of term conciseness and transparency should meet the linguistic correctness rule, despite its importance sometimes being considered as irrelevant. It implies that a term should “conform to the morphological, morphosyntactic and phonological norms” of a certain language (ISO, 1999, p. 25).
For instance, English uses a lot of elliptical structures, which are hardly ever found in Russian. Participial constructions as well as constructions with adverbial participles and constructions with prepositions are widely used in Russian; moreover, this language tends to use descriptive patterns.
The term listed company, meaning “a firm whose shares are listed (quoted) on a stock exchange for public trading” (Business Dictionary), is an example of a semantically-dense term form.
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