al-Agbari, 19–20; Reuben Shar῾abi, Yeḥi Re᾿uben, 32–33. For Imam Yaḥya calling
on the Jewish community of San῾a᾿ to conduct a special prayer for rain in 1946,
see AZM S6 3802.
40. For example, Sappir, Sefer Masa῾ Teman, 192–93; Tabib, Shavei Teman, 26;
Madar Halevi, “Yeḥasim”; Ya῾aqov, Mavo le-᾿Eretz al-Ḥugariyya, 101; Garama,
Yehudei al-Agbari, 19–20; Reuben Shar῾abi, Yeḥi Re᾿uben, 32–33; Benei Moshe,
Ba-Mesila Na῾ale, 35–36; S. D. Goitein, From the Land of Sheba: Tales of the Jews of
Yemen (New York: Schocken 1947), 87; for Imam Yaḥya who asked the Jewish
community of San῾a᾿, in 1946, to perform a special public prayer and plead for
rain, see Central Zionist Archives (CZA), S6 3802; for the cemetery as “commu-
nication center” serving to transmit requests for rain and other pleas, see Avriel
Bar-Levav, “The Other Place: The Cemetery in Jewish Culture,” Pe῾amim 98–99
(2004): 14–17 (Hebrew).
Yemen: Muslim and Jewish Interactions in the Tribal Sphere · 141
41. Tabib, Shavei Teman, 26; Ya῾aqov, Mavo le-᾿Eretz al-Ḥugariyya, 101.
42. See, for example, Ya῾aqov Sappir’s observations regarding the wide-
spread belief among Jews and Muslims in sorcery, invocations, and practical
Kabbala, in Iggeret le-Teman (Mainz, 1869); Eraqi Klorman, Messianic Commu-
nity, 133–34; Shimon Greidi, “Shedin ve-Ruḥot be-emunat Yehudei Teman,” in
Shevut Teman, ed. Y. Yesha῾yahu and A. Zadoq (Tel-Aviv: mi-Teman le-Zion,
1945), 155–65; Libbi, Bi-Ntivot Moshe, 36–37, about the abundance of jinns in the
homes and in the open space; Gamli᾿eli, Ḥevyon Teman, 83–84; Reuben Shar῾abi,
Yeḥi Re᾿uben, 77–78; Gamli᾿eli Ha-Qamea῾, 43–47, 164–70; Ḥabshush, Mas῾ot
Ḥabshush, 6; Sa῾adia Ḥoza, Sefer Toldot ha-Rav Shalom Shabazi (Jerusalem: Yosef
Ḥasid, 1973), 35, 39, 44, David, Derekh Ge᾿ulim, 33; Aharon Ben David, “Shedim
ve-Ruḥot be-Mishkenot Yehudei Ṣfon Teman,” in Halikhot Qedem be-Mishkenot
Teman, ed. Shalom Seri and Yisrael Qeisar (Tel-Aviv: E῾ele be-Tamar, 2006),
91–108. For the Dor De῾a movement of the beginning of the twentieth century
and its fight against beliefs in the evil eye, demons, and the like, see Bat-Zion
Eraqi Klorman, “Enlightenment, Judaism, and Islam and the Kabbala Dispute
in Yemen,” in Religious Radicalism, ed. Meir Litvak and Ora Limor (Jerusalem:
Merkaz Zalman Shazar, 2007), 147 (Hebrew).
43. The Quran and the Ḥadith literature make multiple references to demons
and their interactions with humans. See Zohar Shani Allouche, “‘Between the
Pure Milk and the Froth’: Images of the Devil in the Muslim Tradition (Ḥadith),”
PhD diss., School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 2006; on the terms
magic, religion, and science in cultures of the Middle East and elsewhere, see
R.J.Z. Werblowsky, “On Magic and Religion,” Pe῾amim 85 (2000): 5–13 (He-
brew); for Jewish beliefs in the unreasonable world in the Muslim world and
elsewhere, see, for example, Yuval Harari, “Power and Money: Economic
Aspects of the Use of Magic by Jews in Ancient Times and the Early Middle
Ages,” Pe῾amim 85 (2000): 14–42 (Hebrew); Shaul Shaked, “On Jewish Magical
Literature in Muslim Countries: Notes and Examples,” Pe῾amim 15 (1983): 15–28
(Hebrew); Shaul Shaked, “Between Judaism and Islam: Some Aspects of Folk
Religion,” Pe῾amim 60 (1994): 4–19 (Hebrew); Idel, “Yahadut,” 25–40; Immanuel
Etkes, Ba῾al Hashem: The Besht: Magic, Mysticism, Leadership (Jerusalem: Merkaz
Zalman Shazar, 2000); for references to demonology in some Jewish sources, see
Ben David, “Shedim,” 106–108.
44. See Pnina Werbner and Helen Basu, eds., Embodying Charisma: Modernity,
Locality, and the Performance of Emotion in Sufi Cults (London: Routledge, 1998),
3–27.
45. Gamli᾿eli, Ha-Qamea῾, 134.
46. About Jews writing amulets for Muslims, ibid., 20, 28, 64–68, 134–38,
170; Madar Halevi, “Yeḥasim”; David, Derekh Ge᾿ulim, 31; Sabari, Bi-Shvilei Te-
man, 81–84. Yaḥya Garama of al-Agbari is a remarkable example of a renowned
expert, whom the tribesmen of the region used to consult. Garama, Yehudei al-
Agbari, 19.
47. Erich Brauer, “Saint Tombs and Torah Scrolls Performing Wonders,” in
142 · Bat-Zion Eraqi Klorman
Mi-Teman le-Ṣion, ed. Y. Yesha῾yahu and S. Greidi (Tel-Aviv: Massada, 1938),
169–73 (Hebrew). About “Attam,” a holy book in northern Yemen, see Aharon
Ben David, “About the Immigration to Israel of the Jews of Sa῾da and Its Sur-
roundings in 1951,” Tehuda 19 (1999): 74 (Hebrew). For magical powers of Torah
scrolls, see Shalom Ṣabar, “Torah and Magic: The Torah Scroll and Its Accesso-
ries in Jewish Culture in Europe and in Muslim Countries,” Pe῾amim 85 (2000):
149–79 (Hebrew).
48. See ba῾al hefeṣ Mori Sulayman al-Jarufi from the Khawlan district, who
served for a long time as the tribesmen’s consultant and physician. Gamli᾿eli,
Ḥevion Teman, 32–60. Yaḥya ῾Urqabi from Rada῾ wrote amulets and “opened the
book” for the Muslims in his area. Gamli᾿eli, Ha-Qamea῾, 27–31, 41–42. And see
Zekharia Dori, Traditional Medicine among the Jews of Yemen (Tel-Aviv: Afiqim,
2003), 41 (Hebrew).
49. For example, Nissim of al-Radma, in the Yarim district, who became a
successful healer during the 1930s and treated many Jewish and Muslim pa-
tients, by means of summoning demons for curing purposes. See Mordechai
Yiṣhari, Hayyiti ben ῾aruba be-Teman (Rosh Ha῾ayin: author, 1989), 213–20; for
other Jews acting in the first half of the twentieth century both in gathering
demons and exorcising them, see Gamli᾿eli, Ha-Qamea῾, 47–49; Ben David,
“Shedim,” 97, 103–105; Garama, Yehudei al-Agbari, 19.
50. Shim῾on Me῾uda, interviewed by his son Efraim Amihood, 1996; see also
ba῾al ḥefeṣ Mori Sulayman al-Jarufi’s accusation of sorcery in Gamli᾿eli, Ḥevion
Teman, 48–50; and Gamli᾿eli, Ha-Qamea῾, 134–38, about a Jew who was punished
when it was discovered that he was hired by one Muslim family to write an
amulet whose purpose was to destroy the head of the rival Muslim family.
51. Shaked, “Between Judaism and Islam,” 15–16.
52. For example, Gamli᾿eli, Ḥevion Teman, 32, 191; Reuben Shar῾abi, Yeḥi
Re᾿uben, 77–78; Yeḥi᾿el Ḥabshush, Ḥayyei ha-Yeled be-Teman (Tel-Aviv: Ḥabshush
Family, 1991), 55–57.
53. Nahum Tshernovits and Mishael Masuri-Kaspi, “Potḥot Mazal Yehudi-
yot bi-Ṣfon Mizraḥ Teman,” in Bat-Teman, ed. Shalom Seri (Tel-Aviv: E῾ele bet-
amar [1993]), 287–99.
54. Gamli᾿eli, Ha-Qamea῾, 47.
55. Dov Noy, “Rabbi Shalem Shabazi in the Folk Tales of the Jews of Yemen,”
in Bo᾿i Teman, ed. Yehuda Ratzaby (Tel-Aviv: Afiqim, 1967), 121–22 (Hebrew);
Ḥoza, Sefer Toldot, 14–15. For other tales about Shabazi’s supernatural powers,
see ibid., 16, 19–22, 34–35.
56. Goitein, From the Land of Sheba, 84–87.
57. Avraham Ovadia, “The Man Who Was Married to a Demon,” Afiqim 115–
16 (1999): 70 (Hebrew); Mishael Masuri Caspi, Mizkenim etbonan (Sde Boker:
Midreshet Sde Boker, 1968), 6; Malka Eli-Peduel, bi-Se῾arot teman (Jerusalem:
Vaad Adat ha-Sepharadim bi-yrushalayim, 1983), 26.
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