Critical Perspectives
Whatever the ideological and political reactions to this work, there is
no doubt that Memoirs swept the readers—friends and foes alike—in a
beautiful flight of the imagination. Due to its popularity, the book came
out in three editions. According to ῾Abd al-Raḥmān Yāghī, a professor of
Arabic language at the University of Jordan and an authority on the mod-
ern intellectual history of Palestine, the book created quite a stir when it
was published. Yāghī mentions that it was an immediate success when
it came out in the Iqra᾿ series of the Dār al-Ma῾ārif publishing house in
1943, whereby “in a poll conducted by the publisher . . . among Arab
readers, they chose it as their favorite book of all those published in this
series.”
8
Another scholar in the field, Dr. Taysīr al-Nāshif, adds that the
book earned its author a prize of 70 dinars for being elected as the read-
ers’ favorite book.
9
No wonder: the story had all the elements of a best-
seller. It combined surprising characters, an attention-grabbing plot, a
fable-like atmosphere, a philosophical dimension, and even an emotional
aspect. Among the story’s many layers, the wise hen also teaches us her
tenets of constructing and/or developing a successful and righteous hu-
man (and avian) character, molded in such a way that would allow one
to live together with others in peace and at the same time to achieve a
state of satisfaction, fulfillment, and happiness in his, her, or its own life.
She critiques and ridicules the giant creatures she meets outside her coop
(whom we understand to be human beings) for being greedy, vile, and
mean—creatures who understand only the language of power. She finds
such characteristics also among her fellow chickens and sets out to rectify
them. But in addition to the philosophical and ethical nature of Memoirs,
the story is full of adventure, suspense, fear, irony, and happiness, as well
as some of the most beautiful avian love passages, verging on poetry in
258 · Hanita Brand
their use of imagery and expressive language. These passages appear
when twice the hen falls in love: first with her new husband in her new
chicken coop, and later on with the leader of the young generation.
As was pointed out and elaborated by Professor George Kanazi, the
utopian nature of Memoirs is quite clear. Kanazi mentions that they con-
tinue a genre extant in Arabic and world literature since classical times.
He summarizes the principles proposed in the book as the basis of the
desired character as follows: love, rejection of materialism, active imple-
mentation of principles, rejection of the use of force, preference of the
general interest, and a new hierarchy of values upon which everyone
is to be measured for their worth, at the top of which are creatures who
possess reason, ethics, and radiation.
10
However, Kanazi thinks all these
characteristics are based on a dichotomy of good and evil as the one prof-
fered by Muḥammad Bahnassī’s understanding of the term fiṭra (“innate
character”) as elaborated in his book Al-Islām wa-naz῾ at al-fiṭra. Accord-
ing to this dichotomy, “God created His creation divided into two parts:
the first are the people of happiness, whom He prepared for the good
life, thus easing that person’s road to all that is good . . . and the second
are the people of misery and mischief, for whom He eased the road to
hardships, i.e., prepared them for evil, by entering it into their hearts,
tongues, and limbs.”
11
Kanazi states that “there is no need to discuss this
matter further, other than saying that the hen herself—author of these
memoirs—entertains these ideas, as she believes most creatures tend to
evil rather than to good,” adding that “the wise hen belongs to the first
category of Creation, the people of happiness.”
12
This assessment is not
born by the text, as there are actually no creatures belonging to this first
category, that of the happy creatures, other than the hen herself. Even
kind and positive creatures, such as some of the hen’s friends and the
entire younger generation that she educates, are flawed to some extent.
Additionally, Memoirs usually does not adopt such a rigid, almost Mani-
chean dichotomy as described by Bahnassī in his book, but a rather more
relaxed, ameliorative approach, whereby characters are not preordained,
or doomed to exist within their prescribed category, but rather are subject
to reforming efforts. A more suitable interpretative grid is needed here.
As will be explained below, such a grid is provided by the Romantic no-
tion of fiṭra, seen as the natural disposition, the basic nature of human
beings that is inherently good before it is changed by modern society and
molded into a more sophisticated and materialistic constitution. Such a
The Road Not Taken: Isḥāq Mūsā al-Ḥusseini and His Chickens · 259
notion allows for reforming efforts to act upon the creatures and change
them for the better, by peeling off the corrupt layers of materialism and
bringing them back to their original purity.
But the question that besets Kanazi’s thorough interpretation is “Why
then did so many construe this story as centered on the Palestinian ques-
tion?” Kanazi’s answer is that this is a mistaken interpretation, initiated
by the preface to the book, written by the eminent Egyptian intellectual
writer and scholar Ṭāhā Ḥussein.
13
And truly enough, Ḥussein did intro-
duce the hen several times in his preface as a Palestinian hen: “We read
[al-Ḥusseini’s] rendering [of the hen’s memoirs] and shared with the Hen
of Palestine her feelings of sadness and happiness, and of joy and pain,”
writes Ṭāhā Ḥussein. And he adds: “She finds—as every Arab from the
people of Palestine and indeed from the whole Arab Middle East finds—
universal justice, the nobility of Arabism, and [the Arabs’] right for mod-
ern glory that is not surpassed by their glory of olden times.”
14
These were not incidental words. The Palestinian interpretation had
been very much on Ṭāhā Ḥussein’s mind since he first read Memoirs, al-
though not necessarily connected to the lofty emotions he expressed in his
preface: as was mentioned in an article and an interview with al-Ḥusseini
by Meir Abul῾afiya, published in Moznaim in 1988, Ṭāhā Ḥussein (who
at the time was one of the editors of the Iqra᾿ series) initially rejected
al-Ḥusseini’s manuscript because of what he called its “political orien-
tation.”
15
It was only with the help of the Jerusalemite professor David
Hirsch Banett’s endorsement that the manuscript was finally accepted.
16
However, Kanazi’s explanation of the source of the mistaken Palestinian
interpretation only adds complexity to the problem, since now it includes
a sharp intellectual mind as Ṭāhā Ḥussein’s among the mistaken readers
of the novella. Throughout the debate, spanning decades and involving
an ever larger circle of readers, critics, and scholars, both Arabs and Jews,
another question arose: that of the author’s place in the interpretation of
his oeuvre. George Kanazi assigned it a privileged place, while others
objected to this supremacy of the author’s standing.
The circle grows now even further, as I add my own voice to the de-
bate—something I should have done years ago, in the 1980s, after my in-
terview with the author. There are several theoretical points that have to
be added here: one is that by accepting Kanazi’s didactic, utopian inter-
pretation of the novella, I do not find the Palestinian interpretation to be
invalidated: one does not cancel out the other. A literary work of art can
260 · Hanita Brand
be utopian in nature and still pertain to the here and now. Indeed, though
George Kanazi reminds us that the Greek word utopia means “no-place,”
or “nowhere,”
17
his example of Plato’s Republic is a good case in point:
it is quite evident in the case of this masterpiece that while being uto-
pian, it did not exclude the people of ancient Greece from applying the
author’s proposals and erecting what he thought was a more successful
polity than the one he witnessed around him at the time. In his Republic,
Plato envisioned the order that he actively tried to impose on his society.
While he rejected the kind of polity in which his family had played a dis-
tinguished part, he personally aspired to political activity and a suitable
political post, and tried to influence several rulers to establish a Platonic
government. These are not the acts of a person who only thinks of a no-
place. The ruse of a no-place is only meant to work as a clever device for
persuading people to read his composition and act upon it. And since
Plato wrote in Greek, the people who were supposed to be influenced by
his work were his fellow Greeks. Furthermore, the here and now were
integrally connected to his composition not only as an immediate place
where his principles were supposed to be implemented but also as the
initial source of inspiration and influence on his notions of the ideal re-
public. Thus, as C. M. Bowra states, while Greece was on its way to unite
into a larger political entity in the fourth century bc, “Plato and Aristotle
still regarded the city-state as the logical end of social development and
framed their conceptions of ideal societies on it.”
18
In fact, no author of a utopian work writes it in order not to be heeded
by his fellow citizens. To this we should add the fact that Memoirs was
written in Palestine in 1941, during World War II, according to Isḥāq
Mūsā al-Ḥusseini himself in a letter published in 1983 in the journal Al-
Karmil: in the author’s words, he was writing it “as I looked at the world
from above, while at the time the World War was raging ablaze.”
19
His
words stress the connection to the here and now, albeit on an interna-
tional rather than a national scale, something he repeated in his inter-
view with Abul῾afiya, after feeling that he might have talked too much
about Palestine: “Don’t connect the book with the problem of the state
of Israel,” he tells his interviewer, “because the book was written in 1940
and has no connection [to it].”
20
Although the state of Israel was not yet
established in 1940–41, the Middle East conflict was very much alive at
the time. I will come back later to discuss the ever-increasing need of
the author to stress the non-Palestinian point. But even if we accept his
The Road Not Taken: Isḥāq Mūsā al-Ḥusseini and His Chickens · 261
words and see the international message of Memoirs, at least indirectly
they do mean that solving national conflicts by peaceful means applies
also to the Middle East, if not exclusively so. In other words, like Plato’s
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