278 · Carmela
Saranga and Rachel Sharaby
in his opinion, from a demonic situation of being possessed. In this situ-
ation, each side is drawn toward the other.
The “other” supplies the characteristic necessary to identify the collec-
tive “self” and is found on the social border, beyond it or near it, for ex-
ample, the ethnic minority or the person who believes in another religion.
Being in a status of “on the border” turns the other into a natural target
for hatred. The otherness confronts us with the question of borders. The
border closes any identity inside its borders and enables it to construct a
world of “me” and “us” versus “them.” Identity simultaneously contains
positive
and negative components, inclusion and exclusion.
29
In Yehoshua’s work, the heroes blur, cross into one another’s space,
and thus break the law. The orientalist is enchanted by the possibility of
crossing borders
30
and wandering from Galilee to Jenin, to the West Bank,
and
to Jerusalem,
where he discovers sickness, rot, and mediocrity.
A study of Yehoshua’s works reveals that the subject of blurred bor-
ders is a repeated motif.
31
The hero crosses borders already in his early
work
Facing the Forests (published in 1963). His house is open to the forest
on one side, symbolizing the absence of borders. Later the hero causes a
disturbance of law and order and sets fire to the forest. Yehoshua believes
in clear identities and in clear border lines between them. He is afraid of
the Jews’ partial identity and their ability to “penetrate into the life fab-
ric of others without borders and without taking responsibility.” In his
opinion, “going out beyond the border (in the manner of the settlers) is
a Jewish phenomenon . . . because Jews do not want borders. Jews want
everything to be open, so that it will be possible to go from here to there,
so that it will not be defined, and therefore . . . disengagement is the need
to become free of our obsession for other peoples and to return and con-
verge in our territory.”
32
The restlessness of Yehoshua’s heroes in the geographic space intensi-
fies the sense of their being mentally stuck. Crossing personal borders
involves crossing national borders, where a desperate attempt to find
cause and effect for what is happening in the world exists at both lev-
els.
33
All of his main figures are in the image of the dog Horatio, who is
tied to a cut-off chain, peeks into emotionally charged places, gets hurt,
and wants to return home to Haifa. Yehoshua places Haifa, from which
the orientalist goes out on his wanderings in
The Liberated Bride, as an
antithesis to Jerusalem. Haifa, according to Yehoshua, is “an accessible
Jewish-Muslim Relations in the Israeli Space in Yehoshua’s Literary Works · 279
city, very present . . . that easily connects to the landscapes of the Galilee
and the valleys.”
34
Haifa is Yehoshua’s place of residence, and in his eyes it is an island
of sanity in which he is able to work and maintain a normal life with the
city’s Arabs. In one interview, Yehoshua claims that the good and high-
quality Israeli heterogeneity is embodied in Haifa. The ideal of the en-
tire country exists there. If Jerusalem is the lost Paradise in which incest
and other sicknesses exist, and it is exposed in all its ugliness, Haifa is a
“healthy” city.
35
Yehoshua’s attitude toward the Arabs of Israel is space-dependent.
In Haifa, harmonious relations exist, but in Jerusalem, the Jewish-Arab
relations are demonic. Yehoshua says the following about this duality:
“The Arabs of Israel are part of my identity. They are a component within
the identity of this country; therefore, I feel human warmth toward them
and even a kind of intimacy out of which I can sometimes say harsh
things about them. . . . They are not total strangers even when they are
enemies. And the appearance of the Arabs in my books is always easy
and luring.”
36
The Galilee in Yehoshua’s writing is a different Paradise. This space
is an autonomy in which the Arabs created a Paradise for themselves.
The orientalist who attends the wedding of his student Samhar is invited
into a space in which the Arabs are the majority and the Israelis are the
visiting minority. Rauda, sister of Rashad, the orientalist’s driver, wants
to return to this Paradise. Rauda, who was born in the Galilee, is married
to an Arab from the occupied territories. She is allowed the “right of re-
turn,” but her children are not. Her son, who crosses the border, is sought
by hunters who think that he is a hybrid creature, perhaps a cat, perhaps
a lamb.
37
Yehoshua thinks that these hybrid children are a symbol and
a warning for the existence of Israeli Palestinian Arabs, whose identity
problem may create a demonic predator.
In the occupied territories, in Jenin, a nun sings the song of the lost
Paradise.
38
This is the heavenly Paradise expressed through art. This nun
sings her song also in a place called “Beit al Sakakini” in Ramallah.
39
The
Arabs perform the play
The Dybbuk as a parody in this house, according
to their interpretation. They sing songs from the times of ignorance, the
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: