Learning and Instruction xxx (xxxx) xxx
2
competence (
Van der Veen, de Mey, et al., 2017
). Oral communicative
competence is the ability to use language effectively and appropriately
in social situations (
Hymes, 1972
; also see
Savignon, 2017
). The finding
that dialogic classroom talk promotes this ability can be explained by the
fact that this type of classroom talk provides children opportunities to
actively use language which is, in turn, known to be beneficial for their
language development (
Hindman, Wasik,
&
Bradley, 2019
;
Van der
Veen, Michaels, Dobber, van Kruistum,
&
van Oers, 2021
). However,
research into the effect of dialogic classroom talk on oral communicative
competence in the context of early childhood education remains scarce
(
Sedova et al., 2019
;
Van der Veen, de Mey, et al., 2017
). Therefore, in
this study we aimed to increase the evidence-base on the effectiveness of
dialogic classroom talk for supporting young children
’
s language skills.
Besides oral communicative competence, previous research has also
examined the effect of dialogic talk on receptive vocabulary knowledge
(i.e. understanding words that are heard or read;
Vatalaro, McDonald
Culp, Hahs-Vaughn,
&
Barnes, 2018
). A review of
Wasik, Hindman, and
Snell (2016)
, for example, has shown that extra textual talk during
shared book reading is positively related to vocabulary gains. This
finding can be explained by the fact that engaging children in discus-
sions provides them explicit opportunities to use words (
Wasik et al.,
2016
). In fact, it has been shown that children should not simply hear
words, but also need to use them to communicate ideas and receive
feedback (
Tamis-LeMonda, Kuchirko,
&
Song, 2014
). However, prior
research into the effect of dialogic talk on receptive vocabulary knowl-
edge has primarily focussed on the context of shared book reading
(
Cabell et al., 2019
;
Hindman et al., 2019
;
Walsh
&
Hodge, 2018
). As a
result, it remains largely unknown whether this effect also exists outside
this specific context. In the present study we examined if dialogic talk
contributes to young children
’
s receptive vocabulary knowledge within
the context of whole-group classroom conversations.
1.3. Social competence
In addition to the effect of dialogic classroom talk on language skills
(i.e. oral communicative competence and receptive vocabulary knowl-
edge), the present study also investigated the effect of this type of
classroom talk on children
’
s social competence. Social competence re-
fers to the ability to effectively engage in social interactions with others
(
Junge, Valkenburg, Dekoviç
;
Rose-Krasnor, 1997
;
Veiga et al., 2017
).
Developing social competence is important for children
’
s future func-
tioning (
Jones, Greenberg,
&
Crowley, 2015
;
Veiga et al., 2017
). Spe-
cifically, in the study of Jones et al., significant associations have been
found between social-emotional skills in kindergarten and young adult
outcomes across multiple domains of employment, criminal activity,
substance use, and mental health. Moreover, studies within the school
context have indicated that social competence is related to students
’
motivation and academic achievement (
Magelinskait
˙
e, Kepalait
˙
e,
&
;
Rabiner, Godwin,
&
Dodge, 2016
). Because of the significance of social
competence, it is important to support its development, preferably from
an early age on.
Social competence can be studied empirically at two levels: the skills
level and the index level (
Rose-Krasnor, 1997
; also see
Junge, Valken-
burg, Dekovi
´
c,
&
Branje, 2020
). The skills level consists of the under-
lying skills of social competence, such as perspective taking (
Veríssimo,
Santos, Fernandes, Shin,
&
Vaughn, 2014
;
Yager
&
Iarocci, 2013
). The
index level refers to real-life summary indices of social competence
(
Rose-Krasnor, 1997
). In the present study, both levels were taken into
account by focussing on theory of mind (skills level) and social accep-
tance (index level). Theory of mind is a key aspect of social competence
and refers to the understanding that others can hold different beliefs or
opinions from themselves (
Wellman, 1992
;
Wellman, Fang,
&
Peterson,
2011
). Social acceptance indicates the extent to which a child is
accepted by peers and is a close proxy for social competence (
Rabiner
et al., 2016
;
Rose-Krasnor, 1997
).
Dialogic classroom talk might be an effective means to promote
social competence (i.e. theory of mind and social acceptance in the
context of the current study). Specifically, it has been suggested that the
exchange of views that takes place in dialogue with others contributes to
children
’
s understanding that one has a subjective view of the world and
that this view may not be shared by others (i.e. their theory of mind;
Mori
&
Cigala, 2016
). Moreover, in dialogic classroom talk children are
collaboratively sharing ideas and knowledge instead of competing with
each other (
Van der Veen, de Mey, et al., 2017
). As such, dialogic
classroom talk might contribute to a classroom climate that supports
equity and access to academic learning (
Van der Veen, de Mey, et al.,
2017
). Because it has been demonstrated that supportive classroom
climates protect children against peer rejection (
Barth, Dunlap, Dane,
Lochman,
&
Wells, 2004
;
Kiuru et al., 2012
), it might be expected that
engaging children in dialogic classroom talk - and thereby indirectly
working on a supportive classroom climate - improves the extent to
which children are accepted by peers.
There is some empirical evidence for the conjecture that dialogic
classroom talk promotes children
’
s social competence. That is, previous
research has shown a positive association between engaging children in
dialogic practices and children
’
s social competence (
Barbarin
&
Jean--
Baptiste, 2013
). This research was focused, however, on parent-child
talk instead of classroom conversations. Yet in the context of early
childhood education, research has shown that children
’
s oral commu-
nicative competence is positively related to their theory of mind and the
extent to which they are accepted by peers (e.g. (
Brock, Kim, Kelly,
Mashburn,
&
Grissmer, 2019
;
Van der Wilt, Van der Veen, Van Kruis-
tum,
&
Van Oers, 2018a
;
2018b
). Because previous research has indi-
cated that dialogic classroom talk promotes oral communicative
competence (
Van der Veen, de Mey, et al., 2017
) and oral communica-
tive competence has been found to be related to social competence (i.e.
to theory of mind and social acceptance; e.g.
Brock et al., 2019
;
Van der
Wilt et al., 2018a
;
2018b
), dialogic classroom talk might also affect
children
’
s social competence. However, there is a lack of empirical ev-
idence for such an effect. It remains therefore unknown whether dialogic
classroom talk might not only affect children
’
s language skills, but their
social competence as well.
1.4. The current study
The current study had two main purposes. The first purpose was to
examine the effect of dialogic classroom talk on children
’
s language
skills by investigating their oral communicative competence and
receptive vocabulary knowledge. The second purpose was to examine
the effect of dialogic classroom talk on children
’
s social competence by
investigating the effect of this type of classroom talk on two aspects of
social competence: theory of mind (skills level) and social acceptance
(index level). As previous research has demonstrated that differences in
language skills and/or social competence are depending on age (e.g.
Van
der Wilt et al., 2018a
;
2018b
), gender (
Camodeca, Caravita,
&
Coppola,
2015
), and home language (
Calvo
&
Bialystok, 2014
), the possible ef-
fects of these variables were taken into account as well.
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