1. Introduction
In most early childhood classrooms, a considerable amount of time is
spent on classroom talk. Previous research has provided some support
for a positive effect of classroom talk on children
’
s (content) learning
and development (see for example,
Mercer
&
Dawes, 2014
;
Muhonen,
Pakarinen, Poikkeus, Lerkkanen,
&
Rasku-Puttonen, 2018
;
Sedova et al.,
2019
). However, quantitative studies into the effect of classroom talk on
young children
’
s language skills remain scarce (
Van der Veen, de Mey,
van Kruistum,
&
van Oers, 2017
). In addition, as studies into the effect of
classroom talk tend to focus on outcomes concerning subject knowledge
or reasoning skills, much is unknown about the potentials of classroom
talk for other aspects of children
’
s development. It is therefore impor-
tant to further examine how classroom talk can support children
’
s
learning and development. The present study specifically investigated
the effect of dialogic classroom talk on children
’
s language skills and
social competence in early childhood education.
1.1. Dialogic classroom talk
Although engaging children in classroom talk and interaction is
generally beneficial for children
’
s development (for a review, see
García-Carri
´
on
&
Villard
´
on-Gallego, 2016
), not every type of classroom
talk is equally effective. In investigating classroom talk, one can place
classroom talk on a continuum from monologic to dialogic (
Al-Adeimi
&
O
’
Connor, 2021
;
Michaels
&
O
’
Connor, 2015
;
Van der Veen, Dobber,
&
van Oers, 2018
). Monologic classroom talk is characterized by a large
amount of teacher talk and a focus on the reproduction of factual
knowledge (
Van der Veen et al., 2018
). It often entails a dominance of
the initiation, response, and evaluation (IRE) sequence, in which the
teacher asks a closed question, a child provides a short response, and the
teacher evaluates the response (often in terms of right or wrong;
Al-A-
deimi
&
O
’
Connor, 2021
;
Mehan
&
Cazden, 2015
). In contrast, in dia-
logic classroom talk children actively participate and are positioned as
thinkers. In these types of conversations, children are encouraged to
share their ideas, reflect on their own and others
’
contributions, and
make an effort to understand one another (
Mehan
&
Cazden, 2015
;
Van
der Veen et al., 2017
,
2018
).
1.2. Language skills
Several studies have indicated that, compared to monologic class-
room talk, dialogic classroom talk is especially effective for promoting
children
’
s language skills (
Alexander, 2018
;
Van der Veen, de Mey,
et al., 2017
). For example, it has been shown that engaging children
(aged 4
–
7) in dialogic classroom talk supports their oral communicative
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses:
f.m.vander.wilt@vu.nl
(F. van der Wilt),
r.bouwer@uu.nl
(R. Bouwer),
chiel.vander.veen@vu.nl
(C. van der Veen).
Contents lists available at
ScienceDirect
Learning and Instruction
journal homepage:
www.elsevier.com/locate/learninstruc
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101522
Received 8 October 2020; Received in revised form 6 July 2021; Accepted 8 July 2021
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