Course paper scientific supervisor: D. Yuldasheva tasdiqlayman

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COURSE PAPER sample11 1(2)

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• “The Old Man and the Sea”

8.	Vocatives (addressing, appealing, calling)
Don’t be shy, fish. Eat them. (addressing) Take a good rest, small bird. (appealing) Now that I have him coming so beautifully, God help me endure. (addressing)

Illustrations of speech act types from the story “The Old Man and the Sea” by E. Hemingway


CONCLUSION
This research paper investigates one of the basic themes in pragmalinguistics, which is considered to be very essential in the process of linguistic communications. According to an American language philosopher J.R. Searle speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions or making promises. Searle states that all linguistic communication involves linguistic (speech) acts. In other words, speech acts are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication. During the verbal communication the communicants express their intensions via hundreds or thousands of speech act types, however, there are exact classifications of speech act types suggested by different scholars in which they categorize all types into separate categories. Furthermore, felicity condition underlies that in order to be felicitous an utterance must meet the felicity condition that includes general condition, content condition, preparatory condition, sincerity condition and essential condition. In connection with felicity conditions as well, Austin later isolates three basic senses in which in saying something one is doing something, and hence three kinds of acts that are simultaneously performed: the locutionary, illocutioanary and perlocutionary acts. Another classification of speech acts has been done by various linguists, who divide the performative utterances into direct and indirect speech acts. Yule (1996: 54) claims that this classification is based on ‘structural distinction’; in other words, it involves the comparison between ‘structural forms’ such as declarative, interrogative or imperative and ‘communicative functions’ like requests, demands, or promises.
The second chapter of this paper is devoted to the practical analysis of speech act types in the story “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway. In the first paragraph of this chapter the story is investigated for direct and indirect speech acts. The second paragraph observes speech act types in the dialogues and conversations of the story according to Searlean classification and other categories proposed by other linguists, which will provide a great deal of illustrations for further investigations in pragmalinguistics.

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