Course paper scientific supervisor: D. Yuldasheva tasdiqlayman

2.2 Functioning of Speech Act Types in the story “The Old Man and the Sea” (Ernest Hemingway)

There are hundreds or thousands of speech acts pronounced to affect an actual situation. Some speech acts are momentous, since an appropriate authority can announce, declare wars or sentence a defendant to prison by saying that he/she is doing so. For better understanding and orientation, some linguists proposed their classification of speech acts. The classification which is the most cited in the linguistic literature is that of Searle who divides illocutionary speech acts into five major categories like representatives, directives, expressive, commissives, and declaratives. Besides, three more categories such as verdictives, irrogatives and vocatives were suggested by other researchers.

As it was mentioned above, Speech act analysis can be applied in linguistics and literary works like poems, short stories, novels, movies and songs. The dialogues in the literature can be analyzed by speech act, because we know that the main point of speech acts is the utterance or conversation. Therefore, for the analytical part of the current research we have chosen the story “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway and investigated it for eight categories of speech acts proposed by Searle and other linguists.

1.	Representatives/Assertives (stating, informing, conforming)	God knows how much that last one took. (stating) We've made some money. (informing) Anyone can be a fisherman in May. (stating)
2.	Directives (ordering, demanding, requiring, advising)	Have faith in the Yankees, my son. (advising) Rig now to get some sleep, old man, while the fish is calm and steady. (ordering) Sail on this course and take it when it comes. (demanding)