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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

14.1.1 
Why Should 
M
12
 Be equal to 
M
21
?
Consider an experiment with the two-coil system shown in Fig. 14.1-2. We want to set up a DC 
current of I
1
in coil-1 and a DC current of I
2
in coil-2 starting from zero-current condition in both 
coils. We do this by applying an independent current 
source i
S1
to coil-1 and the independent current source 
i
S2
to coil-2. Refer to Fig. 14.1-3.
The current in the first coil ramps up linearly with 
a slope of I
1
/T A/s. This results in v
1
(t

L
1
I
1
/T V and 
v
2
(t

M
21
I
1
/T V during [0,T] interval. But the current 
in the second coil during that interval is zero and hence 
there is no power delivered to the coil-2 during this 
interval. There is power delivered to coil-1 during this 
interval. The total energy delivered to coil-1 during 
[0,T] is L
1
I
1
2
/2 J.
The current in coil-2 ramps up linearly during the 
interval [


′ + 
T] with a slope of I
2
/T A/s. This results 
in v
1
(t

M
12
I
1
/T V and v
2
(t

L
2
I
1
/T V during [


′ + 
T] interval. The total energy delivered to coil-2 is L
2
I
2
2
/
2 J. But, now the first coil current is at a constant level 
of I
1
and hence the mutually induced voltage across the 
first coil results in additional energy input into the first 
coil from the current source i
S1
. This additional energy 
input is 
M I
T
I
T
M I I
12 2
1
12 1 2
× × =
J.
Therefore, the total energy delivered to the 
two-coil system in building up the currents is 

L I
L I
M I I
1 1
2
2 2
2
12 1 2
2
2
+
+
J. 
Now, assume that we built up the currents in the coils to the same levels using a current source i
S1
which had a waveform that is delayed by 

second for coil-1 and a current source i
S2
which had a 
waveform that started at t 

0 for coil-2. Then, the total energy required to build up the currents will 
be 

L I
L I
M I I
1 1
2
2 2
2
21 1 2
2
2
+
+
J.
The total energy delivered to the system must be the same in these two situations. Otherwise, we 
can build up the currents using the procedure resulting in lower energy input and subsequently reduce 
the currents to zero using the other process (with suitably constructed current sources) to receive some 
net energy out of the system. That is an attempt to violate conservation law for energy. Therefore, 
L I
L I
M I I
1 1
2
2 2
2
12 1 2
2
2
+
+

L I
L I
M I I
1 1
2
2 2
2
21 1 2
2
2
+
+

=
M
M
12
21
i
S1
I
1
I
2
i
S2
v
1
(
t
)
L
1
I
1
T
T
T
T
T' 

T
T' 
t
t
t
t
v
2
(
t
)
M
12
I
2
T
M
21
I
1
T
L
2
I
2
T
Fig. 14.1-3 
Current source 
waveforms and voltage 
appearing across them 
during the current-build 
up in a two-coil system.


The Mutual Inductance Element 
14.5
Now, we know that the total energy storage in a two-coil system shown in Fig. 1.8-2 is given 
by E t
L i t
L i t
M i t i t
( )
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
[ ( )][ ( )]
=
+
+
1 1
2
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
J. Two-coil system is a passive system. Therefore, 
the total energy storage in it cannot be non-negative for any permissible voltage–current condition. 
Therefore,
L i t
L i t
Mi t i t
1 1
2
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
0
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
( ) ( )
+
+


+
+

+

L i t
L i t
Mi t i t
i e
L i t
L i t
1 1
2
2 2
2
1
2
1 1
2 2
2
0
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
( ) ( )
. .,
( )
( )

 +

(
)

2
1 2
1
2
2
0
M
L L i t i t
( ) ( )
This has to be true for any (i
1
(t), i
2
(t) ). Let us choose L i t
L i t
1 1
2 2
0
( )
( )
.
+
=
This implies that 
i
1
(t) and i
2
(t) have opposite polarities for this choice. Therefore, i
1
(ti
2
(t) will be negative. Therefore, 
L L
1 2
has to be 

M for the last inequality to be true. 
Therefore,
M
L L

1 2
The equality sign applies only if the magnetic coupling is so tight that there is no leakage of 
magnetic flux from the common core and windings. That is, the fluxes linking the two coils are equal. 
The coupling coefficient goes to unity under this situation. No physical coil system can have k equal 
to 1. However, coil systems in power transformers approach this value very closely.

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