13.15
problems
1. Evaluate the voltage across the capacitor in a series
RC
circuit with
R
=
1 k
W
and
C
=
1000
m
F at
t
=
0
+
and
t
=
20 sec if the applied voltage to the circuit is (a) 2
e
0.01
t
cos
t
V (b) 2
e
0.01
t
cos
t
u
(
t
) V.
Use differential equation approach.
2. A current source with
i
S
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
u
(
t
) A is applied to a parallel
RL
circuit with
R
=
1
W
and
L
=
1 H.
The voltage across the combination is found to be
=
2
e
-
t
sin
t
u
(
t
) V. Find
f
(
t
) and the initial current
in the inductor. Do not use Laplace transform technique.
3. The output variable
y
in a linear time-invariant circuit is related to the input variable
x
by the
following differential equation
d y
dt
d y
dt
dy
dt
y
dx
dt
x
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
+
+
+
=
+
. Its zero-input response is found
to contain
e
-
0.5
t
term among other terms. If
x
(
t
)
=
3
e
0.01
t
sin
t
, find the instantaneous value of
y
at
t
=
10 s. Do not use Laplace transform technique.
4. A voltage source of
v
S
(
t
)
=
2
e
-
0.2
t
cos(
t
-
45
°
) V is applied to a series
RLC
circuit with
R
=
1
W
,
L
=
1 H and
C
=
1 F from
t
=
0
+
. The circuit is initially relaxed. Determine the total response of
current in the circuit by solving the circuit differential equation without using Laplace transforms.
Problems
13.61
5. A bounding exponential
Me
a
t
is to be determined for each of the functions listed below. Find
the minimum value of
a
and the corresponding value of
M
for each. (i)
tu
(
t
) (ii)
u
(
t
)
-
u
(
t
-
2)
(iii)
e
3
t
u
(
t
) (iv)
e
-
3
t
u
(
t
) (v)
e
3
t
u
(
t
-
3) (vi)
e
-
3
t
u
(
t
-
2) (vii)
e
-
2
t
cos2
t
u
(
t
) (viii)
e
2
t
cos2
t
u
(
t
).
6. The signals listed in Problem 5 are applied to a parallel
RL
circuit with
R
=
2
W
and
L
=
1 H as
current sources. Find the instantaneous voltage across the combination at
t
=
2 sec in each case
by using Laplace transforms.
7. The Laplace transform of impulse response of a linear time-invariant circuit is given by
H s
s
s
( )
=
+ +
2
3
2
2
. (i) Find the differential equation describing the circuit assuming that the
output variable is
y
and the input variable is
x
. (ii) Find the total response of the circuit if
x
(
t
)
=
3
for
t
≥
0
+
with
y
(0
-
)
=
1 unit and
y
′
(0
-
)
=
1 unit/s by Laplace transform technique.
8. The Laplace transform of current drawn by an initially relaxed dynamic circuit from an unit
impulse voltage source is
I s
s
s
s
( )
=
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
.(i) Find the differential equation relating the current
drawn by the circuit to voltage applied. (ii) Find the total response of current if the circuit is
initially relaxed and
v
S
(
t
)
=
2
e
-
0.5
t
cos2
t
V for
t
≥
0
+
is applied to it by using Laplace transforms.
9. Find the total response of current in the circuit in Problem 8 if the circuit is initially relaxed at
t
=
0 and
v
S
(
t
)
=
2
e
-
0.5
t
cos2
t
u
(
t
-
0.5) V is applied to it.
10. Let
f
(
t
) be a periodic waveform with a period of
T
s. Let
v
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
u
(
t
) and
v
p
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
) [
u
(
t
)
-
u
(
t
-
T
)].
That is,
v
(
t
) is the right-side of a periodic waveform and
v
p
(
t
) is one period of
f
(
t
). Develop an
expression for Laplace transform of
v
(
t
) in terms of Laplace transform of
v
p
(
t
) using time-shifting
theorem. What is the ROC of Laplace transform of
v
(
t
) ?
11. Find the Laplace transforms of (i) a symmetric square wave of unit amplitude and unit period (ii)
a rectangular pulse waveform of unit amplitude with first pulse located between 0 sec and 0.5 sec
and pulses repeating every 2 sec using the result derived in Problem 10.
12. Solve the system of differential equation
di
dt
i
i
v
di
dt
i
i
s
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
0
+
− =
+
− =
and
for
v
S
(
t
)
=
2sin3
t
V for
t
≥
0
+
with
i
1
(0
-
)
=
1 and
i
2
(0
-
)
=
1.
13. If
d y
dt
d y
dt
3
3
2
2
2
+
=
0
and
y
(0
-
)
=
0,
y
′
(0
-
)
=
1 and
y
″
(0
-
)
= -
1, find
y
(
t
) by using Laplace transform
technique.
14. Let
x
(
t
)
=
3
tu
(
t
) and
y
(
t
)
=
2
u
(
t
). Find
x
(
t
)*
y
(
t
) by inverting
X
(
s
)
Y
(
s
) and verify by time-domain
convolution.
15. The impulse response of a linear time-invariant circuit is 2
e
-
0.05
t
u
(
t
). Find the zero-state response
when input is 3
e
-
0.1
t
by convolution theorem on Laplace transforms.
16. Let
x
(
t
)
=
t
[
u
(
t
)
-
u
(
t
-
2)] and
y
(
t
)
=
[
u
(
t
)
-
u
(
t
-
2)]. Find
x
(
t
)*
y
(
t
) by inverting
X
(
s
)
Y
(
s
) and verify
by time-domain convolution.
17. Find the Laplace transform of (i) cos
p
t
[
u
(
t
)
-
u
(
t
-2)] (ii) 2sinh0.2
t
[
u
(
t
)
-
u
(
t
-
1)] by using shifting
theorem.
18. Find the Laplace transform of (i) 2
t
3
e
-
t
u
(
t
) (ii)
(
)
( )
e
e
t
u t
t
t
-
-
-
3
.
19. Let
V
(
s
)
=
4
4
2
s
+
. (i) Find
V s ds
s
( )
∞
∫
and its inverse transform. (ii) Find
dV s
ds
( )
and its inverse
transform.
20. Using Laplace transforms find the value of
R
in the circuit in Fig. 13.15-1 such that the damping
factor of the circuit for voltage input is 0.2. Find the step response for
v
o
(
t
) with this
R
and verify
the initial value and final value theorems on step response.
13.62
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
v
S
(
t
)
R
v
o
(
t
)
+
+
–
–
0.1 H
0.1 F
10
Ω
Fig. 13.15-1
21. (i) Obtain the input impedance function and input admittance function for the circuits shown in
Fig. 13.15-2 and prepare pole-zero plots for these immittance functions. (ii)Determine the zero-
state input current as a function of time when input is
u
(
t
) V and verify initial value and final value
theorems in each case. (iii) Determine the zero-state input voltage as a function of time when
input is
u
(
t
) A. All circuit elements have unit values.
(f)
(c)
(b)
(e)
(a)
(d)
Fig. 13.15-2
22. (a) Find the voltage transfer function
V
o
(
s
)/
V
s
(
s
) and driving-point impedance function in the
circuit in Fig. 13.15-3. (b) Prepare the pole-zero plot for both network functions. (c) Determine
the step response for
v
o
(
t
) and
i
S
(
t
) (d) Verify initial value theorem and final value theorem on
Laplace transforms in the case of
v
o
(
t
) and
i
S
(
t
).
v
S
(
t
)
v
o
(
t
)
i
s
(
t
)
0.5 F
0.5 F
–
+
–
+
2
Ω
2
Ω
Fig. 13.15-3
23. The initial current in the inductor is 0.5 A and the initial voltage across the capacitor is 1 V in the
circuit in Fig. 13.15-4. A single rectangular pulse of current is applied to the circuit as shown in
the figure. Solve for
v
o
(
t
) by
s
-domain equivalent circuit method.
i
S
(
t
)
i
S
(
t
)
v
o
(
t
)
(
s
)
1
1 A
1 H
–
–
+
+
1
Ω
1 F
t
Fig. 13.15-4
Problems
13.63
24. (i) Show that the voltage transfer function in the circuit in Fig. 13.15-5 is a real number if
R
1
C
1
=
R
2
C
2
. (ii) Obtain the input impedance function with
R
1
C
1
=
R
2
C
2
.
v
S
(
t
)
v
o
(
t
)
C
1
R
1
R
2
+
+
–
–
C
2
Fig. 13.15-5
25. The impulse response of
i
x
in the circuit in Fig. 13.15-6 contains a real exponential term that has a
time constant of 1.755 s. (i) Show the pole-zero plots for
I
x
(
s
) and
V
o
(
s
) when
v
S
(
t
)
=
u
(
t
) V and the
circuit is initially relaxed. (ii) Find
i
x
(
t
) and
v
o
(
t
) for
t
≥
0
+
if
v
S
(
t
)
=
u
(
t
) and both capacitors have
1 V across them with the bottom plate positive at
t
=
0
-
and inductor has zero current at
t
=
0
-
.
v
S
(
t
)
i
x
v
o
(
t
)
1
Ω
1 H
1 F
1 F
–
–
+
+
+
Fig. 13.15-6
26. The impulse response of input current in the circuit in Fig. 13.15-7 contains a (1/6)
d
(
t
) component.
(i) Find the value of
R
. (ii) Find the driving-point impedance function and show its pole-zero
plot. (iii) Find the time-function describing the current delivered by source for
t
≥
0
+
if
v
S
(
t
)
=
2cos(2
t
+
30
°
)
u
(
t
),
i
1
(0
-
)
=
1A and
i
2
(0
-
)
= -
1 A.
v
S
(
t
)
0.2 H
0.1 H
R
i
1
i
2
–
+
2
Ω
2
Ω
Fig. 13.15-7
27. Find the zero-state response for
v
x
(
t
) by nodal analysis in
s
-domain in the circuit in Fig. 13.15-8 if
v
S
1
(
t
)
=
2
u
(
t
) V and
v
S
1
(
t
)
=
2
e
-
t
u
(
t
) V.
v
s1
v
s2
v
x
10
Ω
10
Ω
10
Ω
0.1 F
0.1 F
–
+
–
+
–
+
Fig. 13.15-8
28. Find the zero-input response for
v
x
(
t
) by mesh analysis in
s
-domain in the circuit in Fig. 13.15-8
if first capacitor has 1 V across it at
t
=
0
-
with the left plate positive and the second capacitor has
1 V across it with bottom plate positive at
t
=
0
-
.
13.64
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
29. Pole-zero plots of some transfer functions are shown in Fig. 13.15-9. Find the transfer functions
and their impulse responses. The DC gain for all the transfer functions is unity.
Im(
s
)
x
(–0.1, 1)
x
(–0.1, –1)
(–0.1, 0)
(–0.5, 0)
x
Re(
s
)
(c)
Im(
s
)
x
(–0.1, 1)
x
(–0.1, –1)
x
(–0.5, 0)
Re(
s
)
–j
1
j
1
(d)
Im(
s
)
22.5°
22.5°
1
1
1
x
x
–1
x
x
Re(
s
)
(b)
–1
Im(
s
)
x
(–0.1, 1)
x
(–0.1, –1)
Re(
s
)
(a)
x
(–0.5, 0)
Fig. 13.15-9
30. Obtain the voltage transfer function in the circuit in Fig. 13.15-10 in terms of
k
and determine
the range of values for
k
such that the transfer function is stable. Use mesh analysis in
s
-domain.
v
S
(
t
)
v
o
(
t
)
1 H
1 F
i
x
ki
x
–
–
–
+
+
+
1
Ω
1
Ω
Fig. 13.15-10
31. The value of
RC
product in the circuit in Fig. 13.15-11 is 1
m
s. (i) Derive the voltage transfer
function for the circuit and determine the maximum value of
A
for which the circuit will be stable.
(ii) If the value of actually used is 1/10
th
of this value, calculate the poles and zeros of the voltage
transfer function and show the pole-zero plot. (iii) Sketch the frequency response plots for the
above condition by geometrical interpretation of frequency response.
v
S
(
t
)
v
o
(
t
)
Av
x
v
y
0.1
v
y
v
x
R
C
C
C
R
R
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
Fig. 13.15-11
32. The impulse response of a voltage transfer function in a linear time-invariant circuit is found to
contain two waveshapes
e
-
0.5
t
and
e
-
t
sin 2
t
. The steady-state step response of the same circuit
is 0.7 V. Find the voltage that must be applied to the circuit if the desired steady-state output is
10 sin (4
t
+
45
°
) V by geometrical calculations in
s
-plane. Assume that the transfer function has
no zeros.
33. Mark the pole-zero plot of the transfer function
H s
s
s
s
s
( )
=
−
+
+
+
2
2
2
1
2
1
and obtain its frequency
response plot by geometrical calculations in pole-zero plot.
Problems
13.65
34. Obtain the voltage transfer function in the Opamp circuit in Fig. 13.15-12 and show that the
circuit can work as a band-pass filter. Select the values for
R
1
C
1
and
R
2
C
2
such that the filter has a
centre frequency of 1000 rad/s and bandwidth of 100 rad/s.
C
2
C
1
v
S
(
t
)
+
–
+
+
–
–
v
o
(
t
)
R
2
R
1
Fig. 13.15-12
35. Sketch the frequency response plots for the transfer functions with pole-zero plots as in Fig. 13.15-
13 (a) through (g) approximately by using geometrical interpretation in
s
-plane. ‘
r
’ indicates the
multiplicity number. The maximum gain is unity in all cases.
j
ω
σ
–1
r
= 2
(e)
x
10
x
–10
j
ω
σ
–1
r
= 2
(f)
x– – –
j
9.5
x– – –
j1
0.5
x– –
j
10.5
x– –
j
9.5
j
ω
σ
–1
(g)
x– – –
j
9.5
x– – –
j1
0.5
x– –
j
10.5
x– –
j
9.5
–4
j
ω
σ
–5
–3 –2 –1
1
(a)
x
x
x x
–8
j
ω
σ
–10
–6 –4 –2
(b)
–3
j
ω
σ
–2 –1
1
r
= 2
(c)
x
x
x
10
–2
j
ω
σ
–1
x
–10
(d)
Fig. 13.15-13
This page is intentionally left blank.
Introduction
14.1
M a g n e t i c a l l y C o u p l e d
C i r c u i t s
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• To introduce mutual inductance element
• To explain dot polarity convention
• To explain equivalent circuits for mutually coupled coil systems
• To define a perfectly coupled linear transformer
• To define an ideal transformer
• To define and explain steady-state analysis of coupled coil systems
• To explain transformers for impedance matching
• To explain what is meant by single-tuned and Double-tuned Band-pass Filters
• To explain transient response of coupled coil systems
• To explain constant flux linkage theorem
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |