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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

example: 2.4-1
Refer to Fig. 2.4-1. V
1
=
20 V, V 
2
=
5 V, R
1
=

W
and R

=
2.5 
W
. Find all element voltages and element 
currents. Also find the power delivered to all elements.
Solution
The first step in analysis is to assign reference directions for 
variables. Passive sign convention is employed to decide the 
reference direction for current after reference polarity for voltage 
is decided arbitrarily. Or, reference polarity for voltage can be 
decided in compliance with passive sign convention after deciding 
reference direction for current arbitrarily. One has to start from 
some point. Let us start at the first source terminal and move 
through the circuit in a clockwise direction. 
The source function is already assigned polarity. This does not prevent us from assigning another 
voltage variable to the first source with any polarity that we may decide. However, there is simply no 
reason to do so. Therefore, in the case of a voltage source we accept the polarity of source function 
itself as the reference polarity for element voltage. 
Obviously, a new voltage variable is also not required. 
The source function itself is the value of the voltage 
variable for an ideal independent voltage source.
Now we have to assign a current variable with its 
reference direction entering the positive polarity from 
outside. This current is called i
3
(see Fig. 2.4-2).
Now we reach the resistor R
1
. We assign positive 
polarity of its voltage variable at the first terminal 
that we come across – that is, the left terminal of the 
resistor. Then, its current variable must enter from left 
as per passive sign convention.
Variable assignment and reference direction assignment for remaining elements is completed in a 
similar manner and the final variable assignment is shown in Fig. 2.4-2. The nodes in the circuit are 
also identified in the circuit and labelled.
The next step in the analysis is to apply KCL at any three nodes. Let us apply KCL at node-a, 
node-b and node-c. The result will be that 
− = = =
i
i
i
i
3
1
4
2
. Next, we apply KVL in the loop to get 
− + + + +
V
v
V
v
1
1
2
2
0.
The next step in the analysis is to make use of the element relations. We have already made use of 
the element relations of the voltage sources to set the voltage variables for the sources at their source 
function values themselves. The remaining elements are two resistors. The element relation for a 
resistor is given by Ohm’s law. The relations are
v
R i
v
R i
1
1 1
2
2 2
=
=
Now, these relations and the fact that 
− = = =
i
i
i
i
3
1
4
2
are made use of in the KVL equation to 
simplify it as 
− +
+
+
=
V
R i
R i
V
1
1 1
2 2
2
0. Note that we have eliminated i
2
by using i
1
=
i
2
. Solving this 
equation, we get i
V
V
R
R
1
1
2
1
2
=

+
A.
Fig. 2.4-1 
Single-loop 
circuit in 
Example 2.4-1
V
1
V
2
R
1
R
2
+
+


Fig. 2.4-2 
Variable assignment and 
reference directions in the 
circuit in Example 2.4-1
V
1
c
a
+




+
+
+
b
d
i
1
i
2
i
3
i
4
v
1
V
2
v
2
R
2
R
1
www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com


2.16
Basic Circuit Laws
Now the voltage across each resistor can be worked out by using its element relation once again.
v
R i
R V
V
R
R
i
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
=
=

+
(
)
V and v
R i
R i
R V
V
R
R
2
2 2
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
=
=
=

+
(
)
V.
The currents through voltage sources can be noted as i
i
V
V
R
R
3
1
2
1
1
2
= − =

+
A and i
i
V
V
R
R
4
1
1
2
1
2
= =

+
A.
Substituting the numerical values in the example, we get 
i
i
i
i
v
v
1
2
3
4
1
2
2
10
5
= = − = =
=
=
A
V
V
;
This solution is marked in Fig. 2.4-3. Note that the 
-
2 A 
flowing into the first source can be marked as 
+
2 A if the 
reference direction is reversed. The value of 
-
2 A implies that 
positive current flows out from the positive terminal of that 
source.
The power delivered to an element is given by vi, where 
and i are its voltage variable and current variable, respectively, 
as per passive sign convention.
Power delivered to 20 V source 
=
(
-
2 A)
× 
(
+
20 V) 
=
-
40 W
Power delivered to 5 V source 
=
(
+
2 A)
× 
(
+
5 V) 
=
+
10 W
Power delivered to 5 
W
resistance 
=
(
+
2 A)
× 
(
+
10 V) 
=
+
20 W
Power delivered to 2.5 
W
resistance 
=
(
+
2 A)
× 
(
+
5 V) 
=
+
10 W
Note that the sum of power delivered to all elements is zero. The 20 V source delivers 40 W of 
power which is shared by the two resistors and the second source. Second source receives 10 W power 
from the first source and absorbs it.
Four elements were connected in this circuit with no two elements sharing the same pair of nodes. 
Two elements have only one common node. This kind of connection is called a series connection of 
elements. Obviously, in a series connection of elements, same current will flow in the same direction 
in all elements.

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