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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

example: 2.4-3
Solve the circuit in Fig. 2.4-6 completely.
Solution
This single-loop circuit contains a voltage-controlled voltage-
source (VCVS) in series with other elements. The controlling 
variable of this VCVS is the voltage across the independent current 
source with positive polarity placed at source current delivery point.
A VCVS is a four-terminal element. The output terminal pair 
is connected in series with other elements in Fig. 2.4-6. But where 
is the input terminal pair?
Fig. 2.4-6 
Circuit for 
Example 2.4-3
2 A


10 V
v
x
–0.5 
v
x
+
+
+



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2.18
Basic Circuit Laws
Fig. 2.4-7 shows the actual connections involved in the circuit. The input terminal pair of the 
VCVS is connected across the terminals of the independent current source and the output terminal 
pair is connected between right-side terminal of the resistor and left-side terminal of current source. 
The source function value of VCVS is –0.5v
x
, where v
x
is the voltage sensed by its input terminal pair.
10 V
+

+
+




2 A
–0.5 
v
x
v
x
Fig. 2.4-7 
Circuit in Example 2.4-3 redrawn to show the VCVS terminal connections
The input terminal pair of an ideal VCVS is an open-circuit and does not affect the circuit 
behaviour in any manner. Therefore, it is sufficient to identify the controlling variable of a VCVS as in
Fig. 2.4-6.
The variable and reference direction assignment is shown 
in Fig. 2.4-8. Note that we have not assigned any new voltage 
variable across the current source. The voltage variable v
x
itself is taken as its voltage variable. Therefore, the reference 
direction of current in current source and reference polarity 
for its voltage is not according to passive sign convention. This 
will not cause any problem in applying the element equation 
of current source in KVL. This is because the voltage across a 
current source is independent of its current. However, the fact 
that we are not using passive sign convention for this element 
has to be kept in mind when calculating the power delivered by this source. Adhering to passive sign 
convention is important in the case of passive elements since the element relation of a passive element 
depends on the relative polarities of voltage and current in the element.
Applying KVL in the loop, we get

− − −
+
=

− Ω ×
+
=
∴ =
=
10
0 5
0
10
5
2
1 5
0
40
3
13
1
V
V
A
V
v
v
v
i e
v
v
x
x
x
x
(
.
)
. .,
(
)
.
.
..33 V
The complete solution is marked in Fig. 2.4-9. 
2 A
2 A
+




+ +
+
2 A
2 A
10 V
V
10 V
20
3
V
40
3
Fig. 2.4-9 
Circuit solution in Example 2.4-3
2 A
2 A
2 A
2 A
10 V
v
x
v
1
–0.5 
v
x
+
+
+
+




Fig. 2.4-8 
Circuit variable and 
reference direction 
assignment in 
Example 2.4-3
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Analysis of a Single-Node-Pair Circuit 
2.19
Power absorbed by the 10 V voltage source 
=
10 V
× 
2 A 
=
20 W
Power absorbed by the 5 
W
resistance 
=
10 V
× 
2 A 
=
20 W
Power delivered by the VCVS 
=
(20/3) V
× 
2 A 
=
40/3 W
Power delivered by the 2 A current source 
=
(40/3) V
× 
2 A 
=
80/3 W
Total power absorbed 
=
20 W 

20 W 
=
40 W
Total power delivered 
=
(40/3) W 

(20/3) W 
=
40 W

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