14.2
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
A practically important interaction between two or more galvanically isolated circuits takes place
through the medium of
shared flux linkage in circuits. Current in a coil in one circuit produces magnetic
flux at locations where coils belonging to other circuits are placed. This results in interaction between
various circuits through magnetic fields and gives rise to mutual flux linkages and mutually induced
electromotive forces (emfs). We take up transient and steady-state analysis of such circuits in this chapter.
14.1
the Mutual Inductance eleMent
Flux linkage in a coil can be produced in two ways. The first method is to send a current through the coil.
The flux linkage produced in the coil will be proportional to current through it and the proportionality
constant is its self-inductance,
L. We now call this inductance as self-inductance because we need to
distinguish it from mutual inductance. However, the qualifier ‘self’ is often dropped in practice and
the word ‘inductance’ alone is taken to mean ‘self-inductance’ by default.
The flux linkage will be time-varying when the current in the coil is a time varying one. Time-
varying flux linkage produces induced emf in the coil. This induced emf, if viewed as a voltage drop
across element, is given by
v
=
L di/dt where
L is the self-inductance of the coil.
The second way flux linkage in a coil can be produced is to place it near some other coil that is
carrying a current. The flux produced by the current in the second coil links the first coil too due to the
coils sharing same magnetic path. Now, two possibilities arise. The flux in the first coil due to the second
coil may be crossing the area of cross section of the coil in the same direction as the flux produced in
the coil by a current flowing in it did. Or, it could be in the opposite direction. That depends on how the
coils are wound. The magnitude of flux linkage produced in the first coil by the current in the second
coil is proportional to that current and the proportionality constant is defined as mutual inductance
M
12
.
Both self-induced as well as mutually induced emfs are neglected in modeling a physical electrical
system by two-terminal elements except in the case of those devices that have been specifically
designed to strengthen induced emf components. The self-induced emf in such a device was modeled
by a two-terminal inductance element in Chapter 1.
Consider a two-coil system shown in Fig. 14.1-1. Assume
for a moment that
i
2
(
t) is zero. Then, the induced emf in the
first coil is entirely due to induced electric field created by its
own current. Or, equivalently, the flux linkage in the first coil is
entirely due to its own current. The flux linkage per ampere in
the first coil per unit current in it will give its self-inductance.
Let it be
L
1
. Then, the voltage that appears across first coil
with the second coil kept open is
v t
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