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  tranSforMerS In SIngle-tuned and douBle-tuned fIlterS



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

14.5 
tranSforMerS In SIngle-tuned and douBle-tuned fIlterS
Tuned amplifiers are transistor amplifiers that combine amplification with band-pass filtering. They 
are used extensively in electronic communication circuits.
In carrier modulated communication systems, some feature (amplitude, frequency or phase) of 
a high-frequency sinusoidal carrier waveform is made to vary according to the information-bearing 
signal (for example, an audio signal). The resulting signal will usually have its frequency content 
concentrated in a small band around the carrier frequency. For instance, a medium wave radio station 
transmitting at 1MHz will transmit a signal that contains frequency components in the frequency band 


Transformers in Single-Tuned and Double-Tuned Filters 
14.15
between 995 kHz and 1005 kHz. The band-pass filters in the RF stage in the radio receiver have to be 
tuned to 1 MHz centre frequency with a bandwidth of 10 kHz to receive this station. Tuned amplifiers 
make use of inductances in the signal coupling transformer and variable capacitors to realise the 
required band-pass filter.
14.5.1 
Single-tuned amplifier
Single-tuned amplifier uses a tightly coupled transformer and a capacitor. The capacitor is connected in 
parallel to the primary of the transformer. Next stage amplifier is connected to the secondary and it may be 
modeled by the input resistance of the next stage. The transformer primary in parallel with the capacitor 
forms a parallel resonant circuit and the transistor drives the signal current into this parallel combination. 
example: 14.5-1
An RF transformer with k 

1 and n 

0.5 is passively terminated 
by a resistor of 800 
W
. It is driven by a current source i
S
(t

I
m
cos
w
t A in parallel with a capacitor of 220 pF at the primary 
side. The primary self-inductance of the transformer is 115 
m
H. 
Derive an expression for the ratio of output voltage phasor to 
input current phasor.
Solution
The phasor equivalent circuit of the circuit is shown in 
Fig. 14.5-2. The transformer is replaced by its equivalent 
circuit in this diagram by reflecting the 800 
W
in the 
secondary as 800/(0.5)
2

3.2 k
W
in the primary.
The ratio of output voltage phasor to input current 
phasor is just the impedance of parallel combination 
of inductor, capacitor and resistor. Using the parameter 
symbols RL and C,
1
1
1
1
2
2
Z
R
j L
j C
j L R
LCR
j RL
LC
j L R
j L
V
I
Z
j L
o
s
= +
+
=
+ −
=

+

= =
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
(
)
((
)
1
2

+
w
w
LC
j L R
Substituting the numerical values for circuit parameters,
V
I
j
f
f
j
f
o
s
=

+
722 6
1
0 226
2
.
(
)
.
, where f is the cyclic frequency of input in MHz. The magnitude and 
phase of this ratio function is given by
Magnitude of 
in MHz
Phase of 
Z
f
f
f
f
Z
=

+
=
722 6
1
0 226
2 2
2
.
(
)
( .
)
;
pp
2
0 226
1
1
2







tan
.
;
f
f
 in MHz
Fig. 14.5-1 
Circuit for 
Example: 14.5-1 
220 pF
115 
µ
H
800 

+

i

(
t
)
v

(
t
)
n = 0.5

= 1
Fig. 14.5-2 
Phasor equivalent 
circuit for the circuit 
in Fig. 14.5-1 
3.2 k


+

I
S
V
O

j
4.545 
10
-9
j
115 
10
-6 

ω
ω


14.16
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
w
=
1
LC
is the angular frequency at which the susceptance of inductor and capacitor will be equal 
in magnitude but opposite in sign. Therefore, these two susceptance values will cancel each other 
at that frequency and leave R as the impedance value. At all other frequencies, some susceptance – 
inductive or capacitive – will shunt R thereby bringing down the magnitude of impedance below R
Thus, impedance is a maximum of R at 
w
=
1
LC
. Normalising the impedance function by dividing 
it by value of R,
Z
R
f
f
f
Z
R
f
f
=

+

= =




722 6
1
0 226
2
0 226
1
2 2
2
1
2
.
(
)
( .
)
tan
.
and of
q
p



 in MHz
Fig. 14.5-3 shows the plots for these functions.
f
in MHz
in rad
θ
0.5
0.5
–0.5
1
1
–1
2
1.5
1.5
–1.5
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.5 1
2
f
in MHz
|
Z
|
R
1.5
0.2
Fig. 14.5-3 
Magnitude and phase plots of normalised impedance function in Example: 14.5-1 
The plots reveal that it is a highly frequency-selective circuit. The circuit produces large magnitude 
output if the frequency of sinusoidal current source is at 1 MHz or nearby. The response is small if the 
frequency is far away from 1 MHz on either side. Such a response characteristic is called a band-pass 
characteristic or tuned characteristic. A circuit with band-pass nature can extract some frequency 
components selectively from a mixture of sinusoidal waveforms at different frequencies presented to 
it at the input. Such circuits find wide application in communication and signal processing circuits. 
The circuit we discussed in this example illustrates the principle of tuned amplifiers that are used in 
all sorts of electronic communication circuits starting from the common transistor radio receiver. The 
current source is realised by a transistor circuit in a tuned amplifier.
Single-tuned amplifier is an example where the inductance of a transformer is intentionally 
designed to resonate with a chosen capacitor at a desired frequency.
The cut-off frequencies of a band-pass filter are the frequencies at which the magnitude of transfer 
gain of the filter is 
1
2
0 707
=
.
times the value at centre frequency. They are 0.9 MHz and 1.1 MHz 
in this example. The difference between the two cut-off frequencies is defined as the bandwidth of 
the band-pass filter. Hence, the band-pass filter in this example has centre frequency of 1MHz and 
bandwidth of 0.2 MHz.

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