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  eFFectIVe Value (rmS Value) oF PerIodIc WaVeFormS



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

6.5 
eFFectIVe Value (rmS Value) oF PerIodIc WaVeFormS
The cycle average power delivered to the same resistance R by different voltage or current waveforms 
forms the basis for comparison of their effectiveness in delivering useful power to a load. We can 
define a measure of effectiveness of a given voltage or current waveform by calculating the cyclic 
average power that will be delivered to a resistance R and by answering the question – what is the 
value of a DC voltage or current that will result in same average power in R? The measure defined this 
way is called the Root-Mean-Square Value (rms value) of the waveform. It is also called the Effective 
Value of the waveform.
Effective value or rms value of a waveform is the value of DC quantity that will produce 
the same heating effect as that produced by the waveform when it is applied as a 
voltage across a resistance of 1
W
or as a current through a resistance of 1
W
.
The assumption of 1
W
is a matter of convenience. It could have been R 
W
and that will not make 
any difference since R will get cancelled out when the heating effects are equated.
We can develop an expression for rms value of a periodic waveform as shown in the following. 
Let x(t) be a periodic waveform with period of T s. We find out the cyclic average power as if x(t) is a 
voltage signal applied across 1
W
.


6.26
Power and Energy in Periodic Waveforms 
P
T
x t
dt
T
=

1
1
2
0
[ ( )]
Let X
rms
be the value of DC quantity that will produce same power in 1
W
. Then,
1
2
0
2
T
x t
dt
X
T
[ ( )]
(
)
=

rms

=

X
T
x t
dt
T
rms
1
2
0
[ ( )]
(6.5-1)
Therefore, finding rms value of a waveform involves squaring the waveform, finding the mean 
(i.e., average over a cycle) of the squared waveform over a cycle and then finding the root of the mean. 
Hence the name – root mean square.
Now we can express the average power delivered to a resistance of R 
W
by a periodic voltage 
waveform v(t) applied across it as P 
=
(V
rms
)
2
WThe average power delivered to a resistance of R 
W
by a periodic current i(t) flowing through it is P 
=
R(I
rms
)
2
W.

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