CHAPTER 8: GENERAL DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES
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precipitate and further aging can lead to formation of crystalline product with the composition
approximated to this of traditionally/naturally formed sulfides such as e.g. covellite. This
approach also displays many advantages such as fast precipitation rate, low solubility of final
precipitate as well as selectivity of the method (Lewis, 2010). Electrowinning is a method at
which metal of interest is deposed on cathode. In some cases possible solution pretreatment at
which interfering metal is removed by cementation, solvent extraction or ion exchange might
be needed. Cation exchange resins (CER) have found their foremost application in wastewater
treatment (Dabrowski et al., 2004). Nevertheless the good performance of this method
towards metal removal from liquid solution makes it appealing to use CER for leachates
purification. Chemical methods have already been well investigated and reviewed and clearly
indicate feasibility of selective copper recovery by means of chemical treatment. However, in
regards of environmental-friendly concept, biological metal recovery approach would be the
most desired. Biosorption is a “green” recovery method of removal metals from aqueous
solutions. Wide variety of biosorbens might be used for metal separation and display an
ability to uptake metals due to their physiological functions. The uptake pathways utilized
include adsorption, ion exchange, complexation and chelation. Biomass that can be employed
includes algae, bacteria and fungi, however the extent of uptake varies from one biosorbent to
another and does also depend on competition effect caused by the presence of
other metal ions
in the solution (Vijayaraghavan & Balasubramanian, 2015). The studies concerning efficiency
of individual biosorbents mostly focus on artificial leachates that has been indicated as one of
the major challenges on development of the process. However, as mentioned leachate from
slag treatment contains many other elements, some of them lacking biological functions but
entering the sorption system. The presence of anions which exhibit complexing ability
towards metals and consequently decreasing their affinity to biosorbent itself may also limit
the process efficiency. Another imperative aspect to be taken into consideration is
regeneration of biomass that decreases significantly the operational cost (Vijayaraghavan &
Balasubramanian, 2015; Robalds et al., 2016). Combining both, bioleaching and biosorption
would be the most desired approach of fully friendly specificity. However, there are still
many steps forward to improve the processes designs that would ensure entirely successful
copper recovery under economically viable conditions.
According to the data collected during this PhD work slags exhibited good leachability under
exposure to nitric acid (Chapter 4; Potysz et al., 2016b). Other chemical treatment such as
metal extraction with sulfuric acid could be even more efficient due to higher corrosion
property of this extractant. Moreover, extraction kinetic could be investigated in order to
optimize the time needed for efficient leaching. As formation of silica gel was evident for
granulated slag, a combination of sulfuric acid with oxidant (
e.g. hydrogen peroxide) could be
interesting for Cu leaching from this slag. Furthermore, a high Fe
2
O
3
content (up to 51 wt.%)
also indicates the perspective of Fe recovery from such materials.