FIGURE 8.4 Concentrations of metals extracted from slags exposed at pH 2 (24 h).
8.3 Dumping case and issued contamination
The relevance of the studies concerning weathering scenarios is justified by the existence of
the number of dumping sites where no physical barriers against metal passage were
introduced at the waste discarding stage (see e.g. Kierczak et al., 2013). This scenario is
especially valid for historical industrial areas as former waste management approach did not
consider carefully the environmental consequences that slag can bring when weathered
(Figure 8.5). The weathering process and resulting environmental consequences have been
already brought into public knowledge by number of authors (Gee et al., 1997; Manz &
Castro, 1997; Sobanska et al., 2000; Parsons et al., 2001; Lottermoser, 2002; Ettler et al.,
2003; Piatak et al., 2004; Kierczak et al., 2013; Ettler & Johan, 2014). The outstanding
contradiction between the sustainable development and environmental pollution encourages
action related to this aspect to be undertaken. At the present time, disposal of slags is not put
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into practice for environmental reasons. More specifically, those include concerns about
mobilization of metals, landscape obstruction and space consumption (Gonzalez et al., 2005).
Nevertheless, the existence of formerly created dumping sites is still a case of numerous
places across the world (e.g. Poland, Chile, USA). Thus, an implementation of monitoring and
remediation actions for these areas is of critical need.
Field monitoring combines many individual aspects that should be taken into consideration
when degree of environmental hazard is attempted to be determined. First stage of
environmental risk assessment has to consider potential input of metals that weathered slags
can serve into surrounding environment. Local effluent of leachate charged in metallic
elements can migrate downward and sideward soil profile following other environmental
components such as ground/surface waters and sediments which promote metals dispersal.
Further retention by biota and flora makes metals more accessible for higher links of food
chain leading to possible intake by humans. Furthermore, it has to be pointed out that the
result of metal retention in local environment may lead to the dispersal of contaminant to
much further distances. Thus, seasonal variations of weathering conditions and geological
settings of the areas should be taken into account in environmental monitoring. Casper et al.
(2004) demonstrated As, Cd and Cu pollution of soils, sediments and aquatic systems in the
Churnet River Valley (United Kingdom). Authors pointed out that degree of contamination
that in some cases may appear not to be high, could be misleading. For instants, in a dynamic
systems such as rivers, contaminated sediments are mixed with those less polluted and
consequently may hide the real contamination effect (Casper et al., 2004). Similar observation
applies to the study of Kierczak et al. (2013) who observed lower content of metals in stream
water sampled under the high-flow conditions compared to those determined for the low-flow
period. These differences were attributed to rainwater and/or snowmelt dilution effect.
Furthermore, Çubukçu & Tüysüz (2007) evidenced higher metals contamination of soil after
harvesting event if compared to vegetation periods when metals uptake by plants dominated
over soil deposition. Dispersal of pollution is also highly driven by prevailing wind direction
that should be taken into account for monitoring the metal migration (Ettler, 2016).
.
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