FIGURE 4.7 Scanning electron microscope images presenting Pb-inclusions in
bornite of SFS (a) and bornite encapsulated in fayalite crystals of LS (b).
(LS: lead slag, SFS: shaft furnace slag, Bn: bornite, Fa: fayalite)
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4.5.3 Leaching behaviour
A common trend resulting from leaching test experiments is the maximum concentration of
leached contaminants under strongly acidic conditions (pH 2-4). Subsequently, a significant
decrease of metal leachability is observed towards the sample's natural pH and finally a slight
increase in metal concentrations in the leachate is noticed under highly alkaline conditions
(Figures 4.5 and 4.6). Low quantities of detected metals at near neutral pH may be due to
metal precipitation (e.g., as oxy-hydroxides), whereas at higher pH values (> 10), the
solubility of these elements slightly increases.
Considering results obtained from pH-dependent leaching experiments, it may be noted that
the mineralogy and bulk chemistry are principal factors that affect the preference of the
metals that are leached.
Comparing results of tests done for all studied slag types, it is
important to notice that slags
show a different leaching susceptibility. Analysing the relative values of metals, results
indicate that GS undergoes efficient leaching at strongly acidic conditions for all metals
analysed. As much as 51.4, 47.3 and 29.8% of Cu, Zn and Pb is leached out (Figure 4.6).
The lead slag has a very high Pb leachability at extreme pH values (2 and 13), reaching values
as high as 65.8 and 21.2%, respectively (Figure 4.5 C). The historical slag shows a maximum
susceptibility to leaching out metals (32.7% of Pb) when exposed to a pH of 2, whereas
important leachability of the SFS is observed at the pH range 2-4.
Based on the results of pH-dependent leaching experiments, it can be concluded that slag are
not completely inert materials, because their exposition to different pH conditions may lead to
significant metal release. Leachability of metals is especially high under strongly acidic
conditions and much more important compared to highly alkaline ones. This point is
significant for environmental considerations, but on the other hand such aggressive conditions
(pH=2) do not occur abundantly in nature. Low pH related extreme scenarios may
nevertheless occur on the dumping sites. Both, slags and waste rocks undergo weathering that
may result in acid generation, especially when sulfides are being dissolved (Jamieson, 2011;
Piatak et al., 2014). Subsequent exposure of wastes to acid leachate attack may facilitate their
further weathering, leading to dispersal of the metal bearing leachate and bringing undesirable
environmental consequences (Lottermoser, 2011). Alkali conditions are much more stable for
slags. The granulated slag should be managed with a special caution only if exposed to
strongly acidic conditions, whereas alkaline conditions should also be avoided in order to
prevent Pb leaching from the SFS and LS. Our findings suggest that slags are stable materials
in the sample natural pH and they have even better stability at slightly alkaline conditions (pH
CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND pH-DEPENDENT LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL AND
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10.5). Thus any kind of management ensuring stable pH in the range mentioned above is
required to minimise metal release from the slags.
The granulated slag is a material with an amorphous structure (Figure 4.2 C). A previous
study revealed that the susceptibility of amorphous slags to be leached under exposure to acid
leaching is lower compared to slags with a crystalline structure (Kuo et al., 2008). This is not
congruent with our results, giving usually more important leaching from amorphous materials,
especially at strong acidic conditions. Nevertheless, our result is in accordance with Maweja
et al. (2010), who concluded that breaking of amorphous silicate structures may result in
stronger metals (Cu, Zn, Pb) dissolution when exposed to nitric acid leaching. On the other
hand, the high content of metals in our leachate may also be due to the presence Cu-droplets
which are the most important Cu-carriers responsible for ~38% of Cu in the GS. Therefore,
glass dissolution theoretically did not have to appear. Nevertheless, easier decomposition of
this material was observed during leaching experiments and particle dissolution was easily
visible as colloid matter suspended in the leachate proving partial decomposition of the
material. Additionally, a high leaching of Zn and Pb which are mainly accommodated in glass
(~99%) would suggest that not only Cu-droplets, but also glass releases metals to the solution.
In other words, Cu-droplets carry less than 1.5% of the bulk content of Zn and Pb (Table 4.6),
while over 30% of these metals were released from slags (Figure 4.6), hence these metals
were partially liberated from glass as well. Glass dissolution should thus also be considered in
case of the HS and SFS as this phase is an important metal carrier (up to ~56%) in these
materials (Table 4.6).
The high quantity of Zn leached from the LS may refer to dissolution of sphalerite identified
as a major constituent of this type of slag, responsible in ~99.4% for the bulk content of Zn in
this material. It is also confirmed by the relatively high Zn concentrations present in SFS also
composed of sphalerite. Although, sphalerite occurs in much lower volumetric proportions in
the SFS compared to the LS, it carries ~14% of bulk Zn content. Additionally, even a higher
content of bulk Zn (16.6%) is accommodated in chalcopyrite in the SFS (Table 4.6) and could
also liberate this element. Nevertheless, the bulk chemistry of these materials seems to be
important. The shaft furnace slag, having a 20 times lower Zn content than LS, shows this
relation for acidic leaching and gave an almost 20 times lower content of zinc in the leachate
at pH of 2 and 15 times lower at pH 4. Lead slag having the highest bulk content of Pb easily
releases this element to the leaching solution. High quantities of Pb released from the LS may
be due to dissolution of the Pb phase which carries over 80% of bulk Pb, although it is present
in minor volumetric proportions. Surprisingly, the LS reveals a low Cu release (maximal
3.17%) and preferential release of other metallic compounds. That may be due to two reasons.
Firstly, sphalerite dissolved only partially. This phase carries up to ~99% of Zn, while only
11.7% was released. When we consider Cu (3% of the total Cu concentration is released) and
compared to the quantity accommodated in sphalerite, it is seen that approximately 9 times
less Zn than sphalerite carries is released. A similar correlation is noticed for Cu. Secondly,
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Cu-bearing sulfides are also encapsulated in a fayalite structure that could imply relatively
good prevention of these phases against the leaching solution (Figure 4.7 B).
Furthermore, an interesting observation implying from the diagram presenting leaching of Pb
(Fig. 5 C) is the great leachability of Pb from the SFS under alkaline (12-13) conditions,
which is much higher compared to the HS. These materials mainly owe their bulk Pb content
to glass and crystalline silicates (fayalite in the HS and diopside in the SFS). General rates of
silicate dissolution (Figure 4.8) show that they drop gradually along with pH for fayalite,
whereas a steady state is being achieved for diopside. That indicates that Pb release may be
related to diopside dissolution. Additionally, under extremely acidic conditions, a similar Pb
liberation (SFS) is observed and fits the trend of diopside dissolution. Release of Cu and Zn
from the HS and SFS also fits the theoretical curves of silicates dissolution. However,
liberation of these elements from sulfides and glass should not be neglected as they exhibit
even greater susceptibility to release metals relative to crystalline silicates (Parsons et al.,
2001). Moreover, important quantities of Cu released from the HS (up to 30%) and the SFS
(up to 13%) demonstrate sulfide dissolution as only up to ~7% of the bulk Cu is
accommodated in silicate phases. In turn, Pb released from the SFS reached even 25%, while
less than ~20% is accommodated in sulfides.
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