BORNITE
SPHALERITE
HS
SFS
LS
SFS
LS
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
S
29.95 23.80 27.51 30.91 22.70 25.00 31.28 19.38 25.99 35.18 32.24 33.35 33.98 32.99 33.63
Mn
0.02
< d.l
<0.01
0.22
< d.l
0.06
0.07
< d.l
0.02
0.30
0.08
0.2
0.54
0.46
0.51
Fe
17.16
6.88
14.14 14.32
9.02
12.26 14.77
7.29
11.07 31.38 27.39 29.95 31.21 22.31 26.69
Co
0.03
< d.l
0.01
1.87
< d.l
0.28
0.03
< d.l
0.01
-
-
-
0.01
< d.l
<0.01
Ni
0.03
< d.l
0.01
1.09
< d.l
0.10
0.02
< d.l
<0.01
0.03
< d.l
<0.01
0.05
< d.l
<0.01
Cu
66.32 49.75 54.97 63.43 52.55 57.68 76.07 59.88 63.46
5.89
1.22
4.33
1.77
0.03
0.63
Zn
< d.l
< d.l
< d.l
0.38
< d.l
0.10
0.93
< d.l
0.27
29.84 26.42 27.87 43.58 33.34 38.78
As
2.87
0.11
0.57
2.88
< d.l
0.19
0.53
< d.l
0.09
0.06
< d.l
0.01
0.06
< d.l
<0.01
Pb
< d.l
< d.l
< d.l
1.57
< d.l
0.52
0.25
< d.l
0.13
1.62
0.04
0.77
0.74
0.18
0.25
Chemical
compound
wt.%
CHALCOPYRITE
PYRRHOTITE
HS
SFS
LS
HS
LS
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
S
33.32 29.86 31.75 26.54 26.07 26.32 36.54 32.24 33.35 36.77 34.85 35.52 35.55 34.39 34.82
Mn
<0.01
< d.l
<0.01
0.29
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.08
0.20
0.03
< d.l
0.01
0.51
< d.l
0.17
Fe
34.49 30.31 32.20 24.47 24.16 24.28 31.38 27.39 29.95 60.95 48.36 56.12 64.12 63.36 63.74
Co
0.13
< d.l
0.02
1.15
1.10
1.13
n.a
n.a
n.a
0.76
< d.l
0.17
0.01
< d.l
<0.01
Ni
< d.l
< d.l
< d.l
0.56
0.52
0.54
0.03
< d.l
<0.01
0.10
< d.l
0.02
< d.l
< d.l
< d.l
Cu
38.75 27.74 34.81 25.26 24.99 25.15 36.37 33.09 34.89 13.99
1.25
5.19
9.94
< d.l
3.32
Zn
0.57
< d.l
0.12
14.99 13.80 14.28
0.77
0.02
0.36
0.44
< d.l
0.08
0.71
< d.l
0.24
As
0.10
< d.l
0.06
1.64
1.54
1.59
0.06
< d.l
0.01
1.49
0.01
0.17
0.68
0.17
0.43
Pb
0.59
< d.l
0.21
2.58
2.13
2.37
1.62
0.04
0.77
0.31
< d.l
0.08
0.29
< d.l
0.10
Chemical
compound
wt.%
COPPER
DROPLETS
METALLIC Pb
LS
(HS: historical slag; SFS: shaft furnace slag, GS: granulated
slag, LS: lead slag) < d.l.: below detection limit, n.a.: not
analysed
)
GS
max.
min.
ave.
max.
min.
ave.
Cu
92.56 86.71 90.19
0.53
0.13
0.31
Zn
0.27
< d.l
0.14
3.17
0.02
0.86
Fe
0.80
0.42
0.65
4.52
0.22
1.37
Cr
0.07
< d.l
0.02
n.a
n.a
n.a
Ni
0.24
< d.l
0.08
< d.l
< d.l
< d.l
Pb
6.98
1.57
3.25
91.41 89.12 90.49
As
6.13
4.98
5.67
0.07
< d.l
0.03
CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND pH-DEPENDENT LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL AND
MODERN COPPER SLAGS
117
4.4.3.3 Quantification of metals accommodated in mineral phases
The approximate distribution of metals between individual mineral phases is presented in
Table 4.6. According to the mineral quantification coupled with microprobe data, both major
and minor phases accommodate significant amounts of metals relative to their bulk content in
slags. Glass and fayalite were found to carry significant quantities of Zn and Pb (over 76%) in
the HS, whereas over 90% of Cu was distributed in sulfides. The same general relation was
observed in the SFS, however with greater contribution of sulfides to the bulk metal content
compared to sulfides from the HS. Over 60% of the metals are incorporated in the glass
matrix of the GS. Although Cu-droplets are modally minor components, they carry up to 37%
of Cu. Metals present in the LS are mainly accommodated in sulfides. Despite metallic Pb
occurs in very low volumetric proportions, the contribution of this phase to the bulk Pb
content of LS lies in 80%.
TABLE 4.6 Approximate distribution of metals between mineral phases.
Values expressed in percentages of elements accommodated in individual mineral phases relative to
bulk composition (HS: historical slag; SFS: shaft furnace slag, GS: granulated slag, LS: lead slag).
HS
SFS
GS
LS
Cu
Zn
Pb
Cu
Zn
Pb
Cu
Zn
Pb
Cu
Zn
Pb
Glass and synthetic equivalents of silicates
Interstitial glass
6.9 56.2 50.6
1.7 34.1 34.3 62.2 99.8 98.8
2.9
0.3
0.7
Surface glass
0.1
0.6
0.9
Pyroxene (diopside)
1.6 34.5 45.7
Olivine (fayalite)
1.0 42.6 25.6
1.4
0.2
0.3
Sulfides and intermetallic compounds
Bornite
58.3
0
0 78.4
0.2
5.9
12.5
0
0
Chalcopyrite
21.2
0.3
9.4 17.1 16.6 13.3
39.5
0
1.1
Pyrrhotite
12.6
0.9 14.3
16.2
0.1
0.6
Sphalerite (marmatite)
1.3 13.9
0
27.4 99.4 13.5
Metallic Cu
37.8
0.2
1.2
Metallic Pb
0.2
0 83.7
CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND pH-DEPENDENT LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL AND
MODERN COPPER SLAGS
118
4.4.3.4 Leaching experiment
Results of the leaching tests (Figures 4.5 and 4.6) revealed that slags display a different
behaviour under various pH conditions. Susceptibility of slags to leaching was defined by
calculation of relative values of metals released from the material. Raw results represent only
quantities of metals leached out from slags without any reference to the bulk content of metals
in slags (Figure 4.5), whereas calculated relative values corresponding to the percentage of
leached elements define either slag susceptibility to leaching (high percentage) or its
resistance (low percentage) (Figure 4.6). Analytical errors calculated from replicate analyses,
were below 5% RSD (relative standard deviation). Statistical analysis of data revealed that
differences between replicates in individual pH treatments of slag samples were on the level
of 95% confidence limits.
A common trend implying from the leaching test is that a maximum concentration of leached
contaminants occurs at strongly acidic conditions (pH- 2-4), significantly decreasing towards
natural pH and slightly increasing at highly alkaline conditions. The natural pH of the
analysed slags is a: HS: 6.2, SFS: 9.2, GS: 8.1, LS: 7.8, therefore the conventional name of
“natural” pH is introduced to present extraction when ultrapure water (milli-Q) is used as
extractant.
Under the experimental conditions applied, at pH 2, copper may be mobilized from slags in
quantities even up to 5873 mg/kg (GS), 1710 (HS), 348.8 mg/kg (SFS) and 346.6 mg/kg (LS).
At pH 4 and 5.5, Cu leaching is lower, but still important, especially for the GS (1752.7 and
517.9 mg/kg), whereas
the
LS under exposure to pH 4 and 5.5 shows concentrations below
detection limit. Slags when exposed to alkaline conditions behave much more stable
compared to acidic pHs and display a
leachability not higher than 114.0 mg/kg (HS).
Zinc leachability shows a similar general trend of intense leaching under acidic pH values (2-
4) and its less important release under alkaline conditions. The LS is the material giving the
highest concentrations of Zn (up to 8919 mg/kg), whereas GS shows especially great leaching
(3693.5 mg/kg) at pH of 2. For other materials (HS and SFS), release of Zn is maintained at
the level
of
one order of magnitude lower compared to the cases mentioned above and
elevates not higher than 493.9 mg/kg. In the case of the HS and the GS
values of leached
metal at alkaline pHs were below detection limit, whereas up to 242.6 mg/kg was released
from LS (pH 12 – 13) and negligible quantities of 1.4-1.7 mg/kg from the SFS.
Regarding Pb leachability from the analysed slags, results show
highly comparable trends
with those observed for
Zn leaching. However, higher quantities are leached at pH 13. Under
strongly acidic conditions (pH 2) 17186 mg/kg (LS), 6293.8 mg/kg (GS), 393.6 mg/kg (SFS)
and 36.3 mg/kg (HS) of Pb were leached. Lead concentrations are also considerable in the
case of the LS at strong alkaline conditions reaching even values of 5538.5 mg/kg at pH 13.
The shaft furnace slag shows as high leached concentrations: 390.0-446.3 mg/kg at pH 13 and
CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND pH-DEPENDENT LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL AND
MODERN COPPER SLAGS
119
12, whereas the value of leached Pb elevates not higher than 42.5 mg/kg in the case of the GS
(Figure 4.5 C).
The pH conditions of 10.5 seems not to have any effect on stability of the HS, SFS and GS,
because concentrations of all the metals in leachates were below detection limits. Only in case
of the LS values 9.5 mg/kg of Cu and 18.5 mg/kg of Pb were achieved.
FIGURE 4.5 Diagrams presenting leaching of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb) versus pH (± 0.1).
(HS: historical slag, SFS: shaft furnace slag, GS: granulated slag, LS: lead slag,
pH “N”: natural sample’s pH)
CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND pH-DEPENDENT LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL AND
MODERN COPPER SLAGS
120
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