CHAPTER 2: COPPER METALLURGICLA SLAGS- CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FATE:
A REVIEW
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Slags are composed of various synthetic analogues of naturally occurring mineral phases
(Table 2.1). However, according to the definition of a mineral (Nickel, 1995), slag
constituents are not minerals because they are formed as a result of anthropogenic activities.
For simplicity reasons, authors dealing with phase composition of pyrometallurgical slags use
the mineral names for the synthetic equivalents (Gee et al., 1997; Manasse et al., 2001;
Manasse & Mellini, 2002; Piatak & Seal, 2010; Piatak et al., 2015). Comparison of several
different Cu-slags allows to distinguish the most frequently occurring phases. Generally, two
types of phases are distinguished in slags: primary phases resulting from ore processing and
secondary phases being the consequence of the weathering. Primary phases are volumetrically
major components of slags and include silicates and silica glassy matrixes. Other primary
phases such as crystalline oxides, sulfides as well as pure metals, alloys and intermetallic
compounds also commonly occur in metallurgical slags, but in much lower quantities
compared to silicates.
Some variations in primary phase composition are also observed due to a number of factors
related to the technological process; kind of ores applied, smelting temperature, kind of
additives, flux, kind of furnace material and cooling rates (Lottermoser, 2002; Mihailova &
Mehandjiev, 2010; Mateus et al., 2011; Kierczak & Pietranik, 2011; Piatak et al., 2015). For
each technological process these parameters may vary and consequently the phase
composition in the waste materials may be diverse.
For example, studies devoted to the analysis of the slag composition revealed that the
diversity of phases depends on the cooling rates. Generally, phase variety is poorer in fast
cooled slags compared to those cooled at the slower rates. It is due to the fact that during slow
cooling, crystallization of phases is closer to equilibrium and more phases are formed
(Kierczak & Pietranik, 2011). Moreover, slow slag cooling favours partial crystallization
resulting in the presence of crystalline and vitreous components, whereas rapid cooling leads
to the formation of the material with amorphous structures (Gbor et al., 2000; Gorai et al.,
2003; Piatak et al., 2004; Kuo et al., 2008; Álvarez-Valero et al., 2009). The smelting
temperature has also great influence on the phase composition of slags. Crystallization of
phases follows the general trend of formation of high temperature phases beginning from
spinel, proceeding with melilite/olivine/pyroxene/plagioclase towards glass as the last formed
constituent (Ettler et al., 2001; Ettler et al., 2005; Puziewicz et al., 2007; Seignez et al., 2007;
Ettler et al., 2009; Piatak & Seal, 2012).
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