CHAPTER 2: COPPER METALLURGICLA SLAGS- CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FATE:
A REVIEW
24
and SiO
2
29.49% (Table 2.1) (Mihailova & Mehandjiev, 2010). Apart from fayalite, olivine-
group phases with the composition corresponding to kirschsteinite (CaFe
2+
SiO
4
) and forsterite
(Mg
2
SiO
4
) are also often observed (Manasse et al., 2001; Manasse & Mellini, 2002;
Lottermoser, 2002; Piatak et al., 2004; Vítková et al., 2010; Mateus et al., 2011). Other phases
representing pyroxene group minerals such as hedenbergite (CaFeSi
2
O
6
) and diopside
(FeCaSi
2
O
6
) are commonly found in Cu-slags (Manasse et al., 2001; Lottermoser, 2002; Sāez
et al., 2003; Vítková et al., 2010; Mateus et al., 2011; Piatak, 2015). Melilite ((Ca, Na)
2
(Al,
Mg, Fe
2+
)(Si, Al)
2
O
7
) and willemite (Zn
2
SiO
4
) represent fairly common silicates
(Lottermoser, 2002; Ettler et al., 2009; Mateus et al., 2011), whereas wollastonite (CaSiO
3
),
leucite (KAlSi
2
O
6
) and iscorite (Fe
2+
5
Fe
3+
2
SiO
10
) occur occasionally (Lottermoser, 2002;
Manasse & Mellini, 2002; Vítková et al., 2010). The presence of pyroxomangite (MnSiO
3
),
titanite (CaTiSiO
5
) and chrysocolla (CuAl)
2
H
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
×n(H
2
O) was hardly ever observed
(Sāez et al., 2003).
Mineralogical examination of Cu-slags showed quite common formation of oxides such as
spinels (MgAl
2
O
4
), hematite (Fe
2
O
3
), wüstite (FeO) and magnetite (Fe
2+
Fe
3+
2
O
4
) (Parsons et
al., 2001; Manasse & Mellini, 2002; Lottermoser, 2002; Sāez et al., 2003; Piatak et al., 2004;
Ettler et al., 2009; Vítková et al., 2010; Mateus et al., 2011). Additionally, particular major
phases (glassy matrix and silicates) demonstrate various substitutions of metallic elements
(Vítková et al., 2010). Nevertheless, metallic elements (
e.g., Cu, Pb, Zn, As etc.) are mostly
associated with copper sulfides such as bornite (Cu
5
FeS
4
), chalcopyrite (CuFeS
2
) and
chalcocite (Cu
2
S) (Parsons et al., 2001; Manasse & Mellini, 2002; Lottermoser, 2002; Sāez et
al., 2003; Ettler et al., 2009; Álvarez-Valero et al., 2009; Vítková et al., 2010; Kierczak et al.,
2013) as well as other sulfide phases such as pyrrhotite (Fe
(1-X)
S), sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S),
galena (PbS) and wurtzite ((Zn,Fe)S) (Manasse & Mellini, 2002; Lottermoser, 2002; Ettler et
al., 2009; Álvarez-Valero et al., 2009; Piatak et al., 2015) due to the fact that these minerals
are often associated with copper ores. Other sulfides
e.g. cubanite (CuFe
2
S
3
), covellite (CuS),
digenite (Cu
9
S
5
), troilite (FeS) and pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)
9
S
8
) are hardly observed within copper
slags (Parsons et al., 2001; Ettler et al., 2009; Vítková et al., 2010).
Despite sulfides are volumetrically minor phases in slags, they are primary metal-carriers
what makes them significant for environmental risk assessment. Intermetallic compounds are
also considered as environmentally important metal-bearing phases because similarly to
sulfides, they are very susceptible to weathering and contain high concentrations of metallic
elements. As mentioned before, ores applied for the pyrometallurgical process contain sulfide
minerals, hence some slag compounds reflect the kind of ores that were used for the smelting.
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