Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Lithuania

Romania

Serbia
, and 
Montenegro
.
Other countries of the ACN either have not provided information in this regard, or the theme of such training 
sessions have not fully corresponded to the realities of our life. Based on this data, it would be useful to 
significantly increase the activities for strengthening the capacity of the law enforcement agencies in the 
region in the sphere of application of measures for confiscation of corruption assets and proceeds of money 
laundering.
In the context of human and technical resources, an interesting amendment has been made to the Criminal 
Procedure Code of 
Croatia
. Thus, the Article 206.i of the Criminal Procedure Code requires, in case of 
investigation of the crimes where the substantial pecuniary gains have been obtained, to unite the efforts of 
financial investigators, advisers to the Prosecutor’s Offices, and the associate experts of the Special 
Department of the Public Prosecutor’s Offices for the criminal assets search and recovery, in order to carry 
out the immediate joint verification and get the evidence to freeze the assets. In these cases, the Public 
Prosecutor shall request from the Chief of Police and the competent body of the Ministry of Finance to make 
the staff members available to him; the staff members shall participate in the above joint investigations under 
his supervision, and, during the period of investigation, shall follow the instruction of the Public Prosecutor 
and be accountable to him for their performance. If the secondment of these officers is required, the Public 
Prosecutor shall consult with the Police Office and the Ministry of Finance to that extent.
Most of the ACN countries consider the system of confiscation, existing in their counties, to be effective
the factors, which have been mentioned as reasonable to be changed, the difficulties, which the competent 
bodies face in practice, the legislative and practical concerns, and restrictions include: too long period of the 
court proceedings, and high workload of the courts (Armenia and Croatia), poor efficiency of mechanisms 
for international cooperation in cases on confiscation (Azerbaijan), insufficient quality and speed of 
assistance from abroad in the tracing of assets (Georgia), when it is impossible or difficult to confiscate the 
assets from the nominal owners (Armenia and Azerbaijan), difficulties in search and identification of the 
assets (Slovenia), no criminal liability is imposed for unjustified enrichment, existence of banking secrecy, 
absence of the specialised body for management of the frozen or confiscated assets (Azerbaijan), too short 
period (three months) for freezing (Serbia), inadequate level of training of personnel of the competent bodies 
(Lithuania), absence of clear legislative regulations in this sphere (Bosnia and Herzegovina).
It is very important, in the context of the confiscation measures application, to note that in accordance with 
Article 18 of Preamble to Directive 2014/42/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 
2014 on the freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union, 
during implementation of this Directive the Member States Member States may provide that, in exceptional 
circumstances, confiscation should not be ordered, insofar as it would, in accordance with national law
represent undue hardship for the affected person, on the basis of the circumstances of the respective 


97 
 
individual case which should be decisive. Member States should make a very restricted use of this possibility 
and should only be allowed to provide that confiscation is not to be ordered in cases where it would put the 
person concerned in a situation in which it would be very difficult for him to survive.

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