Conference Myths in south-eastern European textbooks 22-24 October 2014, Tirana Myths in south-eastern European textbooks

.

225 Cf. N. Naneski, B. Memeti, Istorija za VI oddelenie, Zvezda: Skopje, 2006, 32: “The autochthonous population in Macedonia were the ancient Macedonians, called Paionians. They originated from the Roman colonists in Macedonia”.

226 W. Bowden, The Construction of Identities in Post-Roman Albania, in : L. Lavan and W. Bowden (eds), Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2003, 57.

227 Ibidem.

228 B. Ristovski et alii, Istorija za prva godina, 141.

229 P. Geary, The Myth of Nations, 156.

230 For classical group identity cf. E. Gruen, Did Ancient Identity Depend on Ethnicity? A Preliminary Probe, Phoenix 67/1-2 (2013), 1-22. For a post-modernist analysis of groups in the context of modern nationalism and identity theory, cf. R. Brubaker, Ethnicity without Groups, Archives Européenes de Sociologie 43/2 (2002), 163-189, who challenges the tendency to take groups for granted, i.e. the “common sense groupism”.

231 S. Vouri, Antiquity as Source of National Documentation in Balkan History Textbooks (1991-1996), in: P. D. Hochellis and F. L. Toloudi (eds), The Image of the “Other”/Neighbour in the School Textbooks of the Balkan Countries (Proceedings of the International Conference, Thessaloniki, 16-18 October 1998), Thessaloniki-Athens, 2001, 77.

232 Ibidem, 78.

233 U. Brunnbauer, Historiography, Myths and the Nation, 180.

234 S. Vouri, Antiquity as Source of National Documentation, 78 and 80.

235 K.-G. Karlsson, Public uses of history in contemporary Europe, in: H. Jones et alii (eds), Contemporary History on Trial: Europe since 1989 and the Role of the Expert Historian, Manchester University Press, 2007, 39. See also his discussion on “the longer back, the more legitimate” idea employed by nationalists.

236 J. Ifversen, Myth in the Writing of European History, in: S. Berger and C. Lorenz (eds), Nationalizing the Past. Historians as Nation Builders in Modern Europe, Palgrave MacMillan, 2010, 454.

237 Ibidem, 454.

238 A. Boskovic, D. Gavrilovic and V. Perica, Myths, Political Mythologies and Nationalism, in: D. Gavrilovic and V. Perica (eds), Political Myths in the Former Yugoslavia and Successor States. A Shared Narrative, Dordrecht, 2011, 13-14.

239 C. Bottici, A Philosophy of Political Myth, 14.

240 For this idea of significance, as well as the one on work on myth, cf. H. Blumenberg, Arbeit am Mythos, Suhrkamp Verlag: Frankfurt am Main, 1979, especially chapter 3 entitled “Bedeutsamkeit”, 65 ff. For an English translation cf. H. Blumenberg, Work on Myth, MIT Press: Cambridge, 1985.

241 C. Bottici, A Philosophy of Political Myth, 131.

242 Ibidem, 7.

243 Ibidem, 230-231.

244 Ibidem, 243.

245 Ibidem, 179-180.

246 Ibidem.

247 P. Kolsto, Assessing the Role of Historical Myths, 26. He rightly points out that this solution is contradictory with the nationalist belief that national groups are eternal and unchanging, i.e. the same belief which searched for autochthony via ethnic mixture in the first place.

248 The economic blockade in 1994 and the blockade to NATO membership in 2008 being the most serious ones.

249 In a TV debate in June 2009 one of the main supporters and myth-makers, Pasko Kuzman, then a director of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, argued that “we” must prove an ancient origin if “we” don't want to lose our name.

250 Article 7, paragraph 3 of the Interim Accord states that “If either Party believes one or more symbols constituting part of its historic or cultural patrimony is being used by the other Party, it shall bring such alleged use to the attention of the other Party, and the other Party shall take appropriate corrective action or indicate why it does not consider it necessary to do so.” Available at: http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/MK_950913_Interim%20Accord%20between%20the%20Hellenic%20Republic%20and%20the%20FYROM.pdf (last accessed 29.08.2014).

251 For a broader discussion over this issue see: J. Bliznakovski, Symbolic Aspects of Nation-Building: The Story of Three Versions of the Preamble of the Macedonian Constitution, Political Thought 44 (2013): Ethnic Conflict. New Perspectives of the Old Reality, 115-122.

252 F. Stojanovski, Macedonia: Violent Inter-Ethnic Incident on Skopje Fortress, Global Voices, 15.02.2011, available at: http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/02/15/macedonia-violent-inter-ethnic-incident-on-skopje-fortress/ (last accessed 29.08.2014).

253 A. D. Segestan, Myth, Identity and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks, PhD Dissertation: University of Maryland, College Park, 2009 (consulted at the library of the Georg Eckert Institute in Braunschweig), 252-255.

254 Ibidem, 257.

255 R. L. Facal, Teaching history in Galicia, in: P. Carrier (ed.), School and Nation. Identity Politics and Educational Media in an Age of Diversity, Peter Lang: Frankfurt, 2013, 74-75.

256 P. J. Geary, The Myth of Nations, 7.

257 P. Kolsto, Assessing the Role of Historical Myth, 10.

258 Historia e Popullit Shqiptar, Botim I Akademisw sw Shkencave tw Shqipwrisw, vwll. III, Botimet Toena, Tiranw: 2007, f. 227.

259 Jorgaqi, N. “Fanoliana” (risi dokumentare, kujtime e studime për F.Noli), Tiranë, Toena.1998, fq.9

260 Puto, A. “Demokracia e rrethuar” (Qeveria e Fan Nolit në marrëdhëniet e jashtme, qershor-dhjetor 1924), Tiranë. 8 Nëntori,1990, fq.73

261 Jacques, E. “Shqiptarët”, Kartë e Pendë, Tiranë.1995, fq. 441

262 Fisher, J. B. “Mbreti Zog dhe përpjekjet e tij për stabilitet në Shqipëri”, Tiranë, ÇABEJ.1996, fq .76

263 Diplomatë Amerikanë për mbretin Zog…..fq 61

264 DDI, Serie 1923-1935,III,nr 222 A.Plasari. Shekulli, 18.12.2005

265 Historia e Popullit Shqiptar, Botim Akademisw sw Shkencave tw RPS sw Shqipwrisw, vwll. III, :8 nwntori”, Tiranw: 1984, f. 287.

266 DDI, Serie 1923-1935,III,nr 222 A.Plasari. Shekulli, 18.12.2005

267 DDI, Serie 1923-1935,III,nr 222 A.Plasari. Shekulli, 18.12.2005

268 Jacques, E. “Shqiptarët”…vep. e cituar, fq. 418

269 A.Q.SH, F. 251 , v.1924, d.136, 140

270 A.QSH, F. 251, v. 1924, d.140

271 Puto, A. “Demokracia e rrethuar” (Qeveria e Fan Nolit në marrëdhëniet e jashtme, qershor-dhjetor 1924), Tiranë. 8 Nëntori,1990, fq.19

272 Po aty, fq.19

273 Po aty, fq.19

274 Fisher, J. B, “Mbreti Zog dhe përpjekjet e tij për stabilitet në Shqipëri”, vep. e cituar, fq.77

275 Austin, R. “Shtegu I pa shkelur I Nolit”, Tiranë, Albin , 2000 , fq.200

276 Swire,J. “Shqipëria, Ngritja e një Mbretërie”,Tiranë, Dituria, 2005 fq. 352

277 Duka, V. “Historia e Shqipërisë” ,(1912-2000) Sh.B.L.U, 2007, fq. 153

278 Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë, “Histori e Popullit Shqiptar”,vëll. III, Tiranë 2002, fq.557

279 Austin, R “Shtegu I pashkelur I Fan Nolit”, Tiranë, Albin , 2000, fq. 216

280 Botimi i vitit 1965 (f. 541) dhe botimin e vitit 1985(f. 284)

281 Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë, “Histori e Popullit Shqiptar”,vëll. III, Tiranë 2007, f. 213.

282 Po aty, f. 227.

283 Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës së Shqipërisë, “Histori e Popullit Shqiptar”,vëll. III, Tiranë 2007, f. 227.

284 Rreth debatit pwr rishikimin e historisw nw tekstet shkollore, artikull botuar nga Fatmiroshe Xhemalaj, prill 2013.

285 Historia 9, Albas 2009- 2010-2011, f. 85.