Chirchik state pedagogical institute of tashkent region the faculty of history and languages the department of foreign languages



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peculiarities of regional varieties of the English Language, Standard English and dialects

Yorkshire

The Yorkshire dialect is known for its sing-song quality, a little like Swedish.

/œ/ > /u/, as in luck (/luk/).

the is reduced to t'.

initial h is dropped.

was > were.

“dance” and “daft” have [æ]

aught and naught (pronounced /aut/ or /out/ and /naut/ or /nout/) are used for anything and nothing.



Wales

Welsh English is characterized by a sing-song quality and lightly rolled r's. It has been strongly influenced by the Welsh language, although it is increasingly influenced today by standard English, due to the large number of English people vacationing and retiring there.

“ing” is [in]; [h] is present; “wood” in Eng has [u], in WE may have both [u] and [a]

American English

American English has a number of regional accents, including such well-known accents as the Midwestern accent, the Southern accent, the speech of New England. On the whole, regional American accents share enough common features in pronunciation and speech patterns so that the spoken language in the United States can be clearly distinguished from the language spoken in Great Britain or from other varieties of spoken English.

Common characteristics of regional American accents include such clearly noticeable features as the sound [r] pronounced in all positions in words (e.g., hard [ha:rd], more [mo:r], first [fərst]); the sound [æ] in words like "ask, last, class, demand, dance" (whereas British English has [a:] in such cases); the sound [o] that sounds like [a:] in words like "hot, off, rob, gone, sorry, bother, want"; the sound [yu:] pronounced as [u:] after the letters "d, n, s, t" (duplicate, news, sue, student, tune).

In writing the letter U is missed, e.g. our – or, colour – color.



Australian English

Australian English is predominantly British English, and especially from the London area. R’s are dropped after vowels, but are often inserted between two words ending and beginning with vowels.

The vowels reflect a strong “Cockney” influence: The long a (/ei/) tends towards a long i (/ai/), so pay sounds like pie to an American ear. The long i (/ai/), in turn, tends towards oi, so cry sounds like croy. Ow sounds like it starts with a short a (/æ/). Other vowels are less dramatically shifted.

Scottish English

Scottish English uses a number of special dialect words. For example lake – loch; mountain – ben; church – kirk; to remember – to mind; beautiful – bonny; to live – to stay; a girl – lassie; no – ken.

/oi/, /ai/, and final /ei/ > /'i/, e.g. oil, wife, tide...

final /ai/ > /i/, e.g. ee (eye), dee (die), lee (lie)...

/ou/ > /ei/, e.g. ake (oak), bate (boat), hame (home), stane (stone), gae (go)...

/au/ > /u:/, e.g. about, house, cow, now... (often spelled oo or u)

/o/ > /a:/, e.g. saut (salt), law, aw (all)...

/ou/ > /a:/, e.g. auld (old), cauld (cold), snaw (snow)...



+/æ/ > /a/, e.g. man, lad, sat.

Standard variety is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language. A standard variety is generally used in the news, media and in literature; described in dictionaries and grammars; taught in school and taught to non-native speakers when they learn the language as a foreign language. A standard variety may contain some variation in pronunciation according to the part of the country where it is spoken, e.g. Standard British English in Scotland, Wales, Southern England. Standard English is sometimes used as a cover term for all the national standard varieties of English.

These national standard varieties have differences in spelling, vocabulary, grammar, and particularly pronunciation, but there is a common core of the language. This makes it possible for educated native speakers of the various national standard varieties of English to communicate with one another. British English The British accept and enjoy the class distinctions. And these class distinctions influence people's speech greatly. The way English is spoken helps to identify not only the region that one lives in, but the class status too. Since the days of Shakespeare the English of South-East England has been considered "the standard", and by the way the South-East is the region of economic and political power. Many people in England possess so called Received Pronunciation (RP), derived from the public school system attended by the boys from rich families. RP remains the accent of the elite. There are two kinds of RP. One is "unmarked" RP, which suggests no more that the speaker is well educated.

This is the dialect of the BBC. Through radio and television "unmarked" RP is becoming more and more widely spoken accent. Then there is "marked" RP, which indicates high social class and is spoken by many army officers who come from upper class families. Although spoken by less than 5% of the population, RP has great influence and social authority. Regional accents are also often spoken in Britain. Scottish, Welsh and Irish are generally the most popular regional accents. Then come Northern and West country accents and then - the least popular urban accents of London, Liverpool, Glasgow. It is interesting to notice that the television news is usually read by RP speakers, while the weather forecast following the news is often read by someone with a regional accent. The American English English in the USA differs considerably from British English. Pronunciation is the most striking difference but there are also a number of differences in vocabulary and spelling as well as slight differences in grammar.

On the whole, British people are exposed to a lot of American English on TV, in films, in literature and so they will usually understand most American vocabulary. Examples: British: colour, centre, practice. American: color, center, practise. But American English and British English are not too separate languages. It is one language in different variations. American English is not the only special variety of English. Each area of the English-speaking world has developed its own special characteristics, its own vocabulary and pronunciation characteristics. Australian English Australian English is particularly interesting for its reach store of highly colloquial words and expressions. Australian colloquialism often involves shortening a word. Sometimes the ending "ie" is changed into "o". Instead of "smokie" they say "smoko". Instead of "beautiful" they often say simply "beaut". Because of current popularity of Australian TV-programs and films some of these words are now being used by British people, too. Scottish English Scottish English uses a number of special dialect words. For example lake - loch; mountain - ben; church - kirk; to remember - to mind; beautiful - bonny; to live - to stay; a girl - lassie; no - ken.


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