Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America
106, no. 8 (February 2009), 2963–67.
This is only one of hundreds of genes that are damaged:
M. Suderman, P. O. McGowan, A. Sasaki,
et al., “Conserved Epigenetic Sensitivity to Early Life Experience in the Rat and Human
Hippocampus,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
109, Suppl. 2 (October 16, 2012), 17266–72.
Joan Kaufman and her colleagues discovered:
B. Z. Yang, H. Zhang, J. Kaufman, et al., “Child
Abuse and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Disease Risk,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
44,
no. 2 (February 2013), 101–17.
According to ACE research, growing up with:
A. Gjelsvik, D. M. Dumont, A. Nunn, et al., “Adverse
Childhood Events: Incarceration of Household Members and Health-Related Quality of Life in
Adulthood,”
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,
25, no. 3 (August 2014), 1169–
82.
At the end of the three weeks, McCarthy’s team:
C. G. Reich, M. E. Taylor, and M. M. McCarthy,
“Differential Effects of Chronic Unpredictable Stress on Hippocampal CB1 Receptors in Male and
Female Rats,”
Behavioural Brain Research
203, no. 2 (November 5, 2009), 264–69.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health:
National Institute of Mental Health, Any
Mental Illness (AMI) Among Adults,
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-
mental-illness-ami-among-adults.shtml
(accessed February 20, 2015).
Twenty-three million adult Americans suffer from an alcohol:
“New Data Show Millions of
Americans with Alcohol and Drug Addiction Could Benefit from Health Care,” Partnership for Drug
Free Kids (September 28, 2010),
http://www.drugfree.org/untaxed/new-data-show-millions-of
(accessed February 20, 2015).
Thirty percent of those with an ACE Score of 3:
Robert Anda, MD, “The Health and Social Impact of
Growing
Up
with
Adverse
Childhood
Experiences,”
http://acestudy.org/files/Review_of_ACE_Study_with_references_summary_table_2_.pdf
(accessed
February 20, 2015).
Sixteen percent of respondents to the Adverse Childhood Experience:
Vincent J. Felitti, MD, and
Robert F. Anda, MD, “The Relationships of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Health Status,”
(September 27, 2010),
http://www.sanctuaryweb.com/PDFs/ACEs%20Handout%20&%20Pubs.pdf
(accessed February 20, 2015).
And 35 percent of men, versus nearly 60:
Ibid.
The strongest precursor of adult depression:
D. P., C. L. Whitfield, V. J. Felitti, et al., “Adverse
Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Depressive Disorders in Adulthood,”
Journal of Affective
Disorders
82, no. 2 (October 2004), 217–25.
Whether you are male or female, the loss of a parent:
N. M. Melhem, M. Walker, G. Moritz, et al.,
“Antecedents and Sequelae of Sudden Parental Death in Offspring and Surviving Caregivers,”
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
162, no. 5 (May 2008), 403–10.
Children who experienced severe trauma before the age of sixteen:
R. P. Bentall, S. Wickham, M.
Shevlin, et al., “Do Specific Early-Life Adversities Lead to Specific Symptoms of Psychosis? A
Study from the 2007 The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin
38, no. 4
(June 2012), 734–40.
Most disturbing are the statistics on suicide
: Vincent J. Felitti, MD, and Robert F. Anda, MD, “The
Relationships of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Health Status,” (September 27, 2010),
http://www.sanctuaryweb.com/PDFs/ACEs%20Handout%20&%20Pubs.pdf
(accessed February 20,
2015).
Indeed, a person with an ACE Score of 4 or more is:
S. R. Dube, R. F. Anda, V. J. Felitti, et al.,
“Childhood Abuse, Household Dysfunction, and the Risk of Attempted Suicide Throughout the Life-
Span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,”
Journal of the American Medical
Association
286, no. 24 (December 2001), 3089–96.
That smaller brain volume may be due to a reduction:
M. A. Sheridan, N. A. Fox, C. H. Zeanah, et
al., “Variation in Neural Development as a Result of Exposure to Institutionalization Early in
Childhood,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
109,
no. 32 (August 7, 2012), 12927–32.
In a healthy brain, microglia control:
C. L. Cunningham, V. Martínez-Cerdeño, and S. C. Noctor,
“Microglia Regulate the Number of Neural Precursor Cells in the Developing Cerebral Cortex,”
Journal of Neuroscience
33, no. 10 (March 6, 2013), 4216–33.
They are essential in a healthy brain:
D. P. Schafer, E. K. Lehrman, A. G. Kautzman, et al.,
“Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner,”
Neuron
74, no. 4 (May 24, 2012), 691–705.
Indeed research suggests, says McCarthy:
A. Sierra, S. Beccari, I. Diaz-Aparicio, et al.,
“Surveillance, Phagocytosis, and Inflammation: How Never Resting Microglia Influence Adult
Hippocampal Neurogenesis,”
Neural Plasticity,
March 2014, 610343.
The results have been stunning:
T. Kreisel, M. G. Frank, T. Licht, et al., “Dynamic Microglial
Alterations Underlie Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behavior and Suppressed Neurogenesis,”
Molecular Psychiatry
19 (2014), 699–709.
Dan Siegel, MD, child neuropsychiatrist:
Child psychiatrist Dan Siegel, MD, is the widely accepted
scientific father of the field of interpersonal neurobiology. He is the author of a number of books,
including
Brainstorm: The Power and Purpose of the Teenage Brain; Mindsight: The New Science of
Personal Transformation;
and coauthor, with Tina Payne Bryson, of
The Whole-Brain Child: 12
Revolutionary Strategies to Nurture Your Child’s Developing Mind, Survive Everyday Parenting
Struggles, and Help Your Family Thrive
and
No-Drama Discipline.
Imagine, hypothetically speaking:
This analogy is loosely drawn from a talk that Dan Siegel, MD,
gave based on his book,
Brainstorm: The Power and Purpose of the Teenage Brain
at the Family
Action Network in New York, New York,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH-BO1rJXbQ
(accessed February 20, 2015).
It also sheds light on why, according to:
In 2012, an estimated 16 million adults aged eighteen or
older in the United States had at least one major depressive episode in the past year, and an estimated
2.2 million adolescents aged twelve to seventeen in the United States had at least one major
depressive episode in the past year. Added together, depression affects 18 million Americans,
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-among-adults.shtml
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-among-adolescents.shtml
(accessed February 25, 2015).
The World Health Organization recently cited depression:
World Health Organization, “Depression:
A
Hidden
Burden,”
http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/flyer_depression_2012.pdf
(accessed
February 20, 2015).
The greater a patient’s level of self-reported CFS symptoms:
Y. Nakatomi, K. Mizuno, A. Ishii, et
al., “Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An
11C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study,”
Journal of Nuclear Medicine
55, no. 6 (March 24, 2014), 945–50.
This may also help to account for why it is that those:
C. Heim, U. M. Nater, E. Maloney, et al.,
“Childhood Trauma and Risk for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Association with Neuroendocrine
Dysfunction,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
66, no. 1 (January 2009), 72–80.
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