positive
moods. Investigators showed study participants forty mood
words. People who lost a parent early in life experienced the negative words as
negative, but, according to brain-wave measurements, they also experienced the
positive words they saw (“loving, warm-hearted, affectionate, pleased, happy,
enthusiastic”) as negative. Other research shows that kids who lost a parent at an
early age later experience low self-esteem, loneliness, isolation, and an inability
to express feelings—even seventy-one years after losing their parent.
Brain scans show that individuals who lack emotional awareness have lost
interconnected neurocircuitry in critical areas. The more emotionally unaware
these individuals are, the less activation they show not only in the default mode
network but also in an area of the brain known as the “insula,” a region involved
in introceptive awareness—how aware we are of our bodily cues that tune us
into what’s happening to us at the moment. For example, we might be walking
down a dark street and suddenly have a heightened sense that something is
wrong because of our physical sensations: the hair on our arms is pricking up,
our heartbeat becomes rapid. We realize we’re feeling panicky—even before we
hear the footsteps behind us. The body sends us these signals to tell us we could
be in danger so that we’ll react to protect ourselves.
Lanius has also found that those who have a dampened sense of emotionality
show less activity in an area of the cortex, which indicates that “they are not self-
reflective; they are not aware of what they feel emotionally, nor are they able to
reflect on it mindfully.”
This lack of awareness of feelings, this lack of consciousness as to how you
might be contributing to disharmony or friction in a relationship, presents a
problem for partners and parents, since the only way to manage your own stuff is
to first be aware of what your stuff is. Without awareness, you can’t be
conscious of your behavior, and without being conscious of your behavior, you
really don’t know how to improve your interactions in your most meaningful life
relationships.
Lanius’s fMRI studies also show that early trauma decreases activity in an
area of the brain that affects our ability to regulate and modulate emotions.
When we have difficulty regulating our emotions and rebounding from stress,
we are more easily “kindled” into anger. We may overreact to what we perceive
as rejection, or injustice, or have a knee-jerk reaction to disagreements and
discord. We may become hyper-aggressive, argumentative, defensive, and
angry. When our emotions are underregulated, explains Lanius, “This decreased
ability to dampen down intense feelings leads to greater activity in the amygdala,
which regulates our emotional reactivity. Intense feeling states—anxiety, guilt,
fear, shame, pain—increase.” We react, big-time, to whoever or whatever is in
front of us.
Or, we might react in the opposite way: feeling so hyperanxious and unable to
process our feelings that we get quiet, we double down, passively retreating and
avoiding confrontation at all costs. We may feel overwhelmed by feelings of loss
and betrayal.
Most often, people with a history of early adversity go in between two mind
states: overmodulation of feelings, shutting down emotionally because they’re
unaware of what they’re truly feeling; and undermodulation, where they’re
caught up in intense feeling states and intense emotions, easily triggered by
difficult interactions.
Those who’ve had multiple traumas in childhood might have multiple areas of
thwarted brain development that affect them in myriad ways in adult life. They
may be entirely clueless about their own behavior and how it affects others.
“Given that they may have poor emotional awareness in general, they may not
even know that they’re caught going back and forth between these two mind
states,” says Lanius.
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