Chapter Four: The Female Brain on Adversity: The Link to Autoimmune Disease, Depression, and
Anxiety
When Vincent Felitti first published his Adverse Childhood Experience:
V. J. Felitti and R. F. Anda,
“The Relationship of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Medical Disease, Psychiatric
Disorders, and Sexual Behavior: Implications for Healthcare,” in
The Effects of Early Life Trauma on
Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic,
edited by R. Lanius, E. Vermetten, and C. Pain (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), Chapter 8, p. 77.
Fairweather looked at each ACE study:
S. R. Dube, D. Fairweather, W. S. Pearson, et al.,
“Cumulative Childhood Stress and Autoimmune Diseases in Adults,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
71,
no. 2 (February 2009), 243–50.
For instance, a woman with three Adverse Childhood Experiences:
Ibid.
Indeed, if you are diagnosed with one autoimmune disease:
G. S. Cooper, M. L. Bynum, E. C.
Somers, “Recent Insights in the Epidemiology of Autoimmune Diseases: Improved Prevalence
Estimates and Understanding of Clustering of Diseases,”
Journal of Autoimmunity
33, nos. 3–4
(November–December 2009), 197–207.
And, says Fairweather, “80 percent of these patients”:
D. L. Jacobson, S. J. Gange, N. R. Rose,
et
al.
“Epidemiology and Estimated Population Burden of Selected Autoimmune Diseases in the United
States,”
Clinical Immunology Immunopathology
84, no. 3 (September 1997), 223–43.
Autoimmune disease is one of the top ten leading:
American Autoimmune Related Diseases
Association, Inc., press release for National Autoimmune Disease Awareness Month, March 22,
2014,
http://myemail.constantcontact.com/Spread-the-news-about-autoimmune-disease.html?
soid=1115217054950&aid=HHLCBw3ETFs
(accessed April 9, 2014).
Although Fairweather, Felitti, and Anda did not include multiple sclerosis:
C. Spitzer, M. Bouchain,
L. Y. Winkler, et al., “Childhood Trauma in Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
74, no. 3 (April 2012), 312–18.
Recent studies show that the average woman sees five doctors:
American Autoimmune Related
Diseases Association, Inc., press release for National Autoimmune Disease Awareness Month,
March
22,
2014,
http://myemail.constantcontact.com/Spread-the-news-about-autoimmune-
disease.html?soid=1115217054950&aid=HHLCBw3ETFs
(accessed April 9, 2014).
Girls not only face more adverse experiences:
J. L. Hamilton, J. P. Stange, L. Y. Abramson, et al.,
“Stress and the Development of Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Depression Explain Sex Differences in
Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence,”
Clinical Psychological Science
(October 2, 2014).
This, in turn, puts them more at risk:
Bessel van der Kolk, MD,
The Body Keeps the Score: Brain,
Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma
(New York: Viking, 2014), 126–27.
Moreover, maltreatment’s effect on girls’ frontal lobe:
R. J. Herringa, R. M. Birn, P. L. Ruttle, et al.,
“Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with Altered Fear Circuitry and Increased Internalizing
Symptoms by Late Adolescence,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America
110, no. 47 (November 2013), 19119–24.
Boys, on the other hand, were more likely to show decreases:
E. F. Edmiston, F. Wang, C. M.
Mazure, et al., “Corticostriatal-limbic Gray Matter Morphology in Adolescents with Self-Reported
Exposure to Childhood Maltreatment,”
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
165, no. 12
(December 2011), 1069–77.
Neuroinflammation disrupted specific neural circuits:
J. Czerniawski and J. F. Guzowski, “Acute
Neuroinflammation Impairs Context Discrimination Memory and Disrupts Pattern Separation
Processes in Hippocampus,”
Journal of Neuroscience
34, no. 37 (September 10, 2014), 12470–80.
Boys with this gene variant who experience childhood trauma:
C. Heim, B. Bradley, T. C. Mletzko,
et al., “Effect of Childhood Trauma on Adult Depression and Neuroendocrine Function: Sex-Specific
Moderation by CRH Receptor 1 Gene,”
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
3 (November 2009),
6;3:41.
Researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina:
S. M. DeSantis, N. L. Baker, S. E. Back, et
al., “Gender Differences in the Effect of Early Life Trauma on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Functioning,”
Depression and Anxiety
28, no. 5 (May 2011), 383–92.
Typically, they are the most difficult patients:
V. J. Felitti and R. F. Anda, “The Relationship of
Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Medical Disease, Psychiatric Disorders, and Sexual
Behavior: Implications for Healthcare,” in
The Effects of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease:
the Hidden Epidemic
, edited by R. Lanius, E. Vermetten, and C. Pain (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2010), Chapter 8, 78.
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