Longer-term effects
Much of what is known about stress and reac-
tions to it comes from research in the USA with
Vietnam veterans. This has shown that the effects
of extreme, protracted and repeated stress can
be enduring. Mental health problems range from
relatively mild and self-limiting to severe and
long-lasting. Although they are necessary for sur-
vival, it seems that frequent neurobiological stress
responses increase the risk of physical and men-
tal health problems, particularly when experienced
during periods of rapid brain development [7,8].
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