Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Box 18.1 The response to stress



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Box 18.1
The response to stress
Stressful experiences can lead to:

Normal stress responses

Adjustment disorders

Psychiatric disorders, including:

mood disorders (anxiety states,
PTSD, depression)

dissociative states

psychosomatic complaints

eating disorders

attachment disorders

personality disorders in adulthood

substance abuse.
STRESS REACTIONS IN CHILDREN
A child’s immediate reaction to extreme stress is
usually one of distress and tearfulness. Once the
event is over, it takes time for the child to adjust to
and recover from what has happened. The nature
and severity of the reaction will depend on char-
acteristics of the event, factors affecting the child’s
resilience, and the recovery environment [14,15].
The type of stressful experience, the suddenness
of the event, the amount of preparation that has
been possible, the sensory exposure entailed and
the degree of secondary trauma will all affect the
impact of the event on the child. The appraisal of
the stressful event – what it means for the child
and how this is processed cognitively – is one of
the most important factors in determining how an
individual responds and copes.
Stressful experience that overwhelms the child’s
coping abilities can be traumatizing even when
not actually life-threatening. Young children who
experience overwhelming sensory exposure during
the event may be unable to process this cognitively,
which makes them particularly vulnerable to flash-
backs and intrusive re-experiencing of the event
(Box 18.2).

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