Attachment and separation
they were led to expect, whether they can identify
likeable qualities in the child, and what support
they have, including extended family.
Adoptive parents need full background infor-
mation about the child’s history. If this is lacking
it should be obtained as soon as possible; the clin-
ician can use this with the parents to help them
attune and make sense of their child’s responses,
and alter negative interaction patterns. The child
needs help to construct a coherent story of their
life if one is lacking. This is often done in the form
of a ‘Life Story Book’, which should incorporate
the child’s own memories and feelings alongside
a chronological account. Parents should be fully
involved in this, rather than it being seen as direct
individual work with the child; this helps child
and parents to share the child’s history, helps in
understanding the child better, and helps adopters
towards the role that parents ordinarily fulfil in
relation to their birth children, of a ‘memory bank’
that the child can draw on when needed.
As regards attachment, the move to new
adoptive parents is itself the most radical form of
treatment possible. A study assessing the child’s
attachment representations showed increasing
security over the first 2 years of placement,
although insecure and disorganized represen-
tations also persisted [22]. Reports of adoptive
parents and retrospective reports of adopted
adults indicate positive results for the majority of
late-adopted children in terms of attachments and
relationships, and show that even where adoles-
cence is very troubled, improved family relation-
ships may follow. Support for parents is essential;
sensitive caregiver interaction with the child, and
the capacity to respond in security-promoting ways
even to negative and provocative behaviour by
the child, can be difficult for parents to maintain.
As the developmental trauma of maltreat-
ment has usually occurred in the context of
the child’s attachment relationship, treatment
approaches often incorporate work on both,
although techniques such as trauma-focused
cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT), or Eye
movement
desensitization
and
reprocessing
(EMDR) may be useful where there are partic-
ular traumatic incidents and PTSD symptoms.
The ‘Attachment, Self-Regulation and Compe-
tency’ (ARC) framework for treating complex
trauma [23] focuses on increasing positive attach-
ment, helping the caregiver to manage the child’s
affect, attune to the child, respond consistently
and develop safe, predictable routines. On this
basis, the ARC framework outlines interventions
designed to develop other competencies damaged
by the history of maltreatment, such as the
identification and regulation of emotion, including
psycho-education about the trauma response;
cognitive
competencies,
including
executive
function skills; and social skills.
Numerous therapeutic approaches to attach-
ment
difficulties
have
been
described,
but
systematic evaluation is lacking. Examples of
interventions are given in Box 17.1.
There is no evidence for benefit from ‘holding’,
‘rebirthing’ and similar ‘attachment therapy’
techniques that employ physical restraint or
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