DEPRESSION PREVENTION PROGRAMMES A Cochrane review of depression prevention pro-
grammes identified 18 psychological interventions
of which 10 were universal and eight were targeted
[9]. The methodological quality of the studies was
poor resulting in half being excluded from the
analyses. Interventions were found to be effective
in comparison to no intervention, with significant
reductions in immediate post-intervention depres-
sion scores. The authors suggest further investi-
gations are warranted alongside methodologically
robust investigations. A more recent review iden-
tified 42 trials assessing 28 different programmes
[10]. Of these trials, 26 were universal, 10 indicated
and six were selective. The majority (76%) of pro-
grammes were based upon cognitive behavioural
therapy (CBT) and involved eight or more sessions
(88%). Two-thirds were led by graduate students,
mental health practitioners or teachers. Indicated
programmes were most effective in reducing symp-
toms of depression, with prevention programmes
led by teachers tending to be the least effective.
The authors noted variability in the effectiveness
of programmes based upon the same theoretical
model suggesting that factors other than the pro-
gramme content or mode of delivery (universal
vs targeted) per se may be important mediators
of outcome.
The effectiveness of universal prevention pro-
grammes was investigated in a review of 12 studies
[11]. The results were variable. Five showed signif-
icant immediate post-intervention improvements
on at least one measure of depression, but none
showed any significant effects at follow-up (i.e. 12
months or longer). The authors concluded that
the widespread use of universal depression pro-
grammes in schools would be premature. They
advocate that further research should be under-
taken. The authors highlighted a number of issues,
many of which were addressed in a recent ran-
domized trial involving 5634 adolescents in which
a CBT-based intervention, ‘beyondblue’, was com-
pared with no intervention [12]. ‘Beyondblue’
was delivered by trained teachers and provided
interventions at individual, school and commu-
nity levels. Individually adolescents learned skills
to improve problem-solving, social skills, resilient
thinking and coping strategies. Within the school
the intervention aimed to build a supportive envi-
ronment by improving social interactions and facil-
itating access to support and professional services.
Finally, community forums were provided in order
to facilitate a greater understanding of emotional
problems and how to seek help. This multi-level
intervention, delivered over 3 years, failed to find
any significant differences in depressive symptoms
when compared with the ‘no intervention’ group.
This study provides a timely reminder of the
difficulties of implementing psychological inter-
ventions in everyday settings.
Finally, Horowitz and Garber (2006) suggest
that evaluation of depression prevention research
has focused upon demonstrating evidence of
treatment effects (i.e. reducing levels of depressive
symptoms) rather than on preventive effects, such
as a reduction in the emergence of new cases. Their
meta-analysis of 30 studies found that selective and
indicated programmes were more effective than
universal programmes. Only four studies provided
any evidence suggesting a preventive effect [13].