Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

33
, 30– 59.
17


Neurobehavioural development in infancy
4
Neurobehavioural Development
in Infancy
Cindy H. Liu
1
and Ed Tronick
1,2
1
Children’s Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
2
University of Massachusetts, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA, USA
WHAT’S NEW
Neurobehavioural development is not
simply a biological process, but one that is
shaped by the regulation that takes place
through interactions between caregiver
and infant. Notably these interactions are
not simply ‘biologically determined’, but
vary by community and even by dyad.
Understanding the infant neurobehavioral
state is a significant approach to assess-
ing their capacities. It is also one way
to understand the effects of adverse
biological and social factors on their
neurodevelopment.
Infant neurobehaviour and its development
include behaviours generated by neurophysiolog-
ical and psychological processes, which mediate
infants’ own internal processes and engagement
with the world. Ideally, neurobehaviour becomes
adaptive within contexts that challenge infants
on a daily basis. The purpose of this chapter
is to introduce theory-driven and empirically
supported influences on neurobehavioural devel-
opment while emphasizing mechanisms currently
known to exemplify the interaction of neuro-
biological and social domains of development.
We begin with a rather narrow overview of
neurobehaviour, followed by the argument that
Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for practice
, Second Edition. Edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce,
Linda Dowdney and David Mrazek.

2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
a broader biosocial view is needed to understand
neurobehavioural development. Although it may
be surprising to some readers, we argue that
neurobehaviour is not self-contained, nor preset,
nor a simple unfolding under the control of genetic
maturational processes. We see neurobehaviour
as embedded in regulatory processes between
infants and caregivers that operate in a continuous,
bidirectional and dynamic manner. Furthermore,
these regulatory processes are affected by multiple
factors from health status to toxic exposures, not
the least of which is culture. We see these regu-
latory processes sculpted by culture, in addition
to biological and physiological processes. This
broader perspective implies that neurobehaviour
affects and is shaped by regulatory processes
including the psychosocial and biological contexts
that make up human experience.

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