Language Tests of language assessment fall into two cate-
gories: receptive and expressive. Visual language
channels are independent from spoken language
channels, and so assessments that focus on spoken
language (reviewed in Table 37.2) do not necessar-
ily exclude written language problems. However,
specific written language impairment and spo-
ken language vulnerabilities often co-occur [11].
Assessments of written language are likely to
be classed as assessments of attainment, such as
subtests of the Wechsler Individual Attainment
Test [12].
Attention Attention has two main components: sustained
(effortful processing over a significant period of
time) and selective (vigilance for target stimuli
while ignoring distracter stimuli). Many children
with ADHD do poorly on these tests but there is
no diagnostic cognitive test for the condition. It is
identified on the basis of a pervasive behavioural
profile rather than performance on a cognitive task.
Until recently, many tests of attention for children
were rather theoretical, attempting to define a
core cognitive deficit in children who have the
ADHD behavioural profile (the debate about the
existence and nature of such a core deficit contin-
ues). The Test of Everyday Attention for Children
(TEACh) [13] provides a battery of tests of atten-
tion and inhibition presented in a variety of visual
and auditory modalities (see Table 37.3).
Spatial ability Spatial skills include the ability to mentally
rotate visual configurations in space and to
recognize that same configuration, regardless of
its orientation. The Benton Face Recognition
Test [14] (see Table 37.4) is a good example of
a visual orientation task that uses meaningful
stimuli. The Mental Rotation subtest of the British
Ability Scales [15] – note that this is not the most
recent version – assesses orientation using abstract
stimuli.
Spatial ability also includes the naming of
objects – though it could be argued that naming
makes such high demands on visual memory that
it is better described as a visual memory skill
rather than a spatial ability per se. The Gestalt
Closure subtest of the Kaufman Assessment
Battery for Children is a test of visual naming that
is appropriate for children [16].
Motor skills Motor tests (Table 37.5) assess a number of sep-
arate elements – strength, speed and dexterity.
Many tests of motor dexterity include a visual com-
ponent (e.g. the Rey– Osterrieth Complex Figure)
[17,18]. The Visual Motor Integration Test is a
useful tool to assess visual, motor and visuo-motor
integration skills [19].