INFANCY
Developmental stages
The very notion of stages of childhood is cul-
turally constructed. Developmental psychologists
mark the end of infancy with the beginning of
‘toddlerhood’ normatively defined at age 2 years
and marked by language and motor competency.
However, this is not a biological fact, but a cul-
tural convention based on the assumption that life
stages should be delineated by absolute points in
time. It is different from norms in cultures where
the crucial reference point is the acquisition of
moral sense [8]. Puritans of New England began
strict discipline at age 1 year, when they believed
infancy ended and the Devil begins to exert con-
trol. The ethnographic record shows that in most
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