Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Promoting well-being
and have been shown to be the precursors of
later social and emotional behaviour, as well as
the capacity to sustain attention and learn. There
have previously been challenges to critical or sen-
sitive periods in human development because the
resilience and flexibility of human learning argued
against the sort of tight developmental time frames
suggested by animal studies. Early evidence on
children raised in institutions however suggested
that there were at least some broad limits to toler-
ance in social and emotional development.
Early research showed that 2-year-old chil-
dren, adopted from children’s homes where
caregiver–child
relationships
were
discour-
aged due to frequent staff changes and high
child:caregiver ratios, were at higher risk of
later emotional-behaviour problems even after
adoption into good homes [6]. More recently,
the English and Romanian adoption studies have
shown that children who had spent more than
their first 6 months in a depriving institution had
substantial IQ deficits that were not ameliorated
by later good experiences in an adoptive family
The children from Romanian institutions were
deprived in almost all aspects of their lives, and the
duration and extent of deprivation was evident in
stunted brain growth, even in the absence of poor
nutrition. The authors propose that psychosocial
deprivation plays a major role in functional and
structural neuroanatomy [7].
So powerful now is the evidence for the
impact of the caregiving environment upon infant
development, that it has been suggested that since
the origins of childhood disruptive behaviour
disorders lie in epigenetic processes, intervention
as ‘near to conception as possible’ is the key to
effective prevention [8]. The emotional well-being
and good social skills that lead to satisfying and
sustained peer and family relationships during
childhood and adolescence, also lead longer term
to patterns of interaction that will later support
good relationships with partners, holding down a
job and being a parent.

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