Development of social cognition
or antisocially – is another important direction for
further research [13].
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL
COGNITION: WHERE DO THEY COME
FROM?
Although it is in our nature to look past external
behaviour and into each other’s minds, the few
genetic studies on social-cognitive development
carried out to date suggest that nurture is more
important in determining individual differences
among children. For instance, a major behaviour
genetic study comparing 1116 monozygotic and
dizygotic 5-year-old twin pairs revealed that the
majority of individual variation in the children’s
mentalizing (based on the kinds of tests listed in
Table 9.1) was attributable to environment rather
than to genes [14]. This finding contrasted with
an earlier, smaller-scale study of 3-year-old twins,
which revealed significant genetic influences on
mentalizing [15]. More research is necessary to
reconcile these findings; however, one possibility
is that genes play a role in early social-cognitive
development, but by the age of 5, children’s theory
of mind is shaped primarily by their personal
experiences.
One environmental variable that is crucial for
theory of mind development is access to language
and conversation about people’s feelings, desires
and thoughts. Mentalizing is consistently corre-
lated with language ability, and there is also a
specific link between children’s ability to suc-
cessfully complete tasks like those described in
Table 9.1 and their comprehension and produc-
tion of mentalistic vocabulary. The importance of
language to mentalizing is perhaps most evident
in the deaf; those deaf children who do not have
access to fluent signing partners for daily conver-
sation show social-cognitive delays similar to those
observed in children with autism. By contrast, deaf
children who have regular access to signed conver-
sation are comparable to typical hearing children
in their social-cognitive development [16].
The role of language in social-cognitive devel-
opment is further demonstrated by the fact that
children’s theory of mind is consistently associated
with their participation in meaningful conversa-
tions about emotions, desires and thoughts with
parents, siblings and friends [17]. The influence
of parents’ mentalistic conversation is especially
well documented; in a nutshell, the more parents
discuss and explain what they and others feel,
want and think, the better their children under-
stand those concepts. This principle has been
documented in many conversational contexts
from everyday disciplinary encounters (‘It was
really unkind of you to take her dolly; just imagine
how it made her feel’) to mutual reminiscences
(‘Remember when the bird stole the baby’s fruit
bun right out of her hand? She was so surprised
and angry!’) to book-reading (‘Look at that boy’s
face in the picture; why does he feel so sad?’). It is
important to note that the link between children’s
theory of mind and parents’ mentalistic conver-
sation extends to children with autism [18] and
deafness [19]. While not yet translated into formal
interventions, training studies have shown that
exposure to mentalistic conversation boosts social-
cognitive skill in typically developing children
[20]. Therefore, parents should be encouraged to
take the time to discuss feelings and thoughts with
their young children; not only will it make for
engaging conversation, but it is likely to benefit
their children’s social-cognitive development.
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