“chemical engineering”

Assistant Professor Jānis Kajaks

Course description: 2 Credit units; 32 hours ( 32 lectures)

Control formss: test
Course content:

• 
  Plastics utilization in different countries, short history of polymers and other materials recycling. Domestic and industrial waste, their charaterization. Domestic waste collection, sorting and preparing for recycling problems. Waste from semiindustrial processing processes. Traditional shemes of collection and sorting domestic waste in different material streams. Recycled polymer materials obtaining technologies different solvings: satistc methods, dissolving-washing, dissolving-flotation processes and etc..
  
• 
  Recycled polymers converting in different another materials. Depolimerization methods: hydrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis and etc. Thermal utilization methods: thermal destruction, depolimerization and pyrolysis. Plastics inciniration problems. Waste storage problems in deponies and grounds. Different thermoplastic polymers recycling kinds and problems. For example polyolefines, polyethylene terphtalate, polystyrene, polivinilchloride and etc. Polymer mixture recycling problems. Thermoplastic composite materials recycling. Engineering plastics, composites on the basis of thermosetting polymers recycling. Polymer materials and composites lifetime and its regulation. Ecological and economical aspects of polymer materials recycling, their evaluation. Recycled materials processing distinguishing. Multiprocessing influence on materials and products quality, properties. Methods of modification of recycled materials: additives of virgin material, stabilization problems and etc. Recycled materials preparing and processing equipments constructions and specific features. Short summary about course. Polymer materials recycling problems in Latvia and development perspectives.
  

Literature:

1. 
   Štarke Rūpnieciko un sadzīves polimēru atkritumu izmantošana. Ļ.: Ķīmija, 1987.- 170 l. (in rus. )
   
2. 
   G. Bistrovs, V. Gaļpērins, B. Titovs Plastmasu ražošanas atkritumu neintralizēšana un izmantošana. Ļ. Ķīmija, 1982,- 260 l. (in rus. )
   
3. 
   R. J. Ehrig Plastics Recycling , Products and Processes, 1992.- 289 p.
   

Methods of Investigation of Polymers

ĶPI 502

Doc. Velta Tupureina

Course description: 4 Credit units; 64 hours (32 lectures, 32 laboratories)

Control forms: Exam
Course content:

• 
  General characteristics of investigation methods of polymers. Use of electromagnetic radiation: spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic optical methods. Use of high energy electronic flow: destructive and nondestructive methods.
  
• 
  Interaction of polymers with low molecular substances: gases, vapors, liquids. Effect of temperature changing on characteristic parameters: thermal effects, changes of free volume, change of weight and deformation. Use of external mechanical forces: strength-deformation characteristics.
  
• 
  Main optical investigation methods of polymers.
  
• 
  Thermal analysis of polymers. Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermogravimetry. Thermomechanics. Dilatometry.
  
• 
  Investigation of polymer solutions properties. Methods of molecular weight determination: light scattering, viscometry, cryoscopy and ebulliometry, osmometry and end-group analysis. Methods of determination of molecular-weight distribution: turbidimetric titration, size-exclusion chromatography, gel-permeation chromatography, preparative fractionation by dissolution and precipitation.
  
• 
  Investigation of polymers interaction with gases and liquids. Permeability. Sorption and desorption. Investigation of surface free energy.
  
• 
  Determination of density. Method of hydrostatic weighting. Gradient tube method.
  
• 
  Determination of strength-deformation characteristics. Solid and high-elastic polymers: creep, stress relaxation, elasticity modulus. Determination of impact strength and microhardness.
  
• 
  Viscometry of polymer melts and solutions.
  
• 
  Determination of characteristics of individual polymer structure. Average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution. Crosslinked systems of macromolecules: content of cross-linked networks, cross-link density. Structure of polymers: crystallinity, morphology and quality of crystals. Transition temperatures of phase and deformation states of polymers: temperature of crystallization and melting , glass transition temperature, temperature of brittlness and flow temperature.
  

Literature:

1. 
   Modern Methods of Polymer Characterization. Ed. by G.Bartgh, J.W.Mays.- N.-Y., Wiley-Intersci.Public., 1991, pp.561.
   
2. 
   L.C.Sawyer, D.T.Grubb. Polymer Microscopy.- N.-Y., Chapman & Hall, 1994, pp.303.
   
3. 
   D.Campbell, J.R.White. Polymer Characterization. Physical Techniques.- N.-Y., Chapman & Hall, 1991, pp.362.
   
4. 
   M.Kalniņš, Polimēru fizikālā ķīmija.- Rīga, Zvaigzne, 1988, 242 lpp. ( in Latvian).
   
5. 
   Я.Рабек. Экспериментальные методы в химии полимеров.- Москва, Мир,1983,ч.1, 384 с.; ч.2, 479 c. (in Russian).
   
6. 
   L.H.Sperling. Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 2^nd ed.- Wiley-Intersci.Public., 1992, pp.594.
   
7. 
   I.M.Ward, D.W.Hadley. An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers.- John Wiley & Sones Ltd., 1993, pp. 334.
   

Ageing of Polymer materials.

ĶPI 503

Associated Professor Laimonis Mālers

Course description: 2Credit units; 32 hours (32 lectures)

Control forms: test.
Course content.

• 
  General features of polymer ageing. General characterization of ageing process. Ageing as complicated totality of macromolecular and polymeranlogical transformations. Criteria for estimation of changes in polymer structure and properties during ageing. Expression forms of ageing.
  
• 
  Principles of increasing of polymer stability. Increasing of stability of polymers during synthesis of new polymers, by selecting suitable conditions of operating, by application of protective coatings.
  
• 
  Stabilization of polymers against different forms of ageing, by using stabilizers.
  
• 
  Thermal ageing of polymers. Thermooxidative transformations of polymers by influence of temperature. Thermal decomposition . Depolymerization as kind of thermodestruction.Thermostabilizers and their application.
  
• 
  Thermooxidative ageing of polymers. Separate stages of ageing. Application of antioxidants for stabilizing of polymers,mechanism of their operating. Mixtures of antioxidants.
  
• 
  Photooxidative ageing of polymers. Characterization of polymer photooxidative transformations as chain reactions. Separate stages of process. Application of photostabilizers against photooxidative degradation of polymers.
  

Literature:

1. 
   E.Kirilova, E.Šuīgina. Termoplastu novecošana un stabilizācija. Ķīmija, 1988 ( in russion).
   
2. 
   J.Zujevs. Polimēru sagrūšana agresīvu vidu iespaidā. M.,Ķīmija, 1972 (in russion).
   
3. 
   M.Kalniņš, Ē.Neimanis, V.Kaīķis. Lielmolekulārie savienojumi. Rīga, Zinātne, 1981 ( in latvian).
   
4. 
   J.Voigt. Sintētisko polimēru stabilizācija pret gaismas un siltuma iedarbību. Ķīmija, 1972 ( in russion).
   
5. 
   M.Kalniņš. Polimēru fizikālā ķīmija. Rīga, Zvaigzne, 1988 ( in latvian).
   

Perspective polymer materials