“chemical engineering”

Assistant Professor Līga Bērziņa

Course description: 3Credit units; 48 hours (32 lectures, 16 laboratories)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

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  General characterization of bioceramics. Bioinert and bioactive ceramics.
  
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  Corundum and zirconium oxide bioceramics : its obtaining , properties and application in medicine.
  
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  Titanium dioxide ceramics.
  
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  Calcium phosphates - the mineral components of bones.
  
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  Calcium phosphate bioceramics.
  
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  TKP - Tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite bioceramics; its obtaining methods, properties, structure and application. The forming of forms for calcium phosphate bioceramic implants.
  
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  Biocompatible calcium phosphates as a background for the biological cements. calcium phosphates as a
  
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  filling substance in the composite biomaterials.
  
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  Glass as a implant materials in medicine. Calculations of chemical composition of glass, obtaining methods of glass.
  
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  Technology of sol gel - one of the obtaining methods of bioceramic materials. Examples of synthesis.
  
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  Bioglasses, its chemical composition and structure.
  
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  Theoretical aspects of bioactivity of bioglasses.
  
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  Glass ceramics biomaterials; their chemical composition, obtaining technology and properties.
  

Literaūra:

1. 
   Larry L.Hench, June Wilson. An Introduction to Bioceramics, Advanced Series in Ceramics - Vol.1, Hong Kong, 1993, p.386
   
2. 
   W.Vogel. Glass Chemie. 3.Aufgabe, Springer Verlag, 1992, S.412 .
   
3. 
   G.Heimke. Bioceramics, vol.2, Heidelberg, Germany, 1990
   
4. 
   Ö.H.Andersson, R.P.Happanen, A.Y.Urpo. Bioceramics, Vol.7, Turku, Finland, Butterworth Heinemann, 1994
   
5. 
   L..L.Hench. Bioactive glasses and glassceramics: A perspective, CRC Press, USA, 1990
   
6. 
   L.Berzina. Summary of lectures in “Bioceramics and technology” (in Latvian), 1999.
   

The biomechanic compability of implants

ĶST 563

Professor Vladimirs Kasjanovs

Course description: 2Credit units; 32 hours (32 lectures)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

Biomaterials science, the study of the application of materials to problems in biology and medicine, is a field characterized by medical needs, basic research, and advanced technological development. The undestanding and measurement of biocompatibility is unique to biomaterials science.

Program is included:

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  Properties of materials. Bulk properties of materials. Surface properties of materials. Main principles of structure of rigid and soft biological tissue. Mechanical properties of biomaterials. Anisotropy of mechanical properties. Deformability and strength of biomaterials.
  
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  Classes of materials used in medicine. Metals. Polymers. Hydrogels. Bioresorbable and bioerodible materials. Ceramics, glasses and glass - ceramics. Composites. Fabrics. Biologivcally functional materials.
  
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  Host reaction to biomaterials and their evaluation. Inflammation, wound healing and the foreign body response. Blood coagulation and blood - materials interaction. Implant - associated infection.
  
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  Testing biomaterials. In vitro assessment of tissue compatibility. Toxicity. In vivo assessment of tissue compatibility. Connective tissue: bone and musculoskeletal soft tissue. Evaluation of tissue reaction. Histology and histochemistry. Biochimistry. Mechanical testing. Testing of blood - material interactions. Blood compatibility. Animal models. In vivo evaluation of devices.
  
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  Degradation of materials in the biological enviroment. Chemical and biochemical degradation of polymers. Polymer degradation processes. Hydrolytic biodegradation. Oxidative biodegradation. Degradative effects of the biological enviroment on metal and ceramics. Metallic corrosion. Influence of the biological environment. Corrosion and corrosion control in the biological environment. Ceramic degradation. Pathologic calcification of biomaterials. Calcification of prostheses and devices. Assessing calcification of biomaterials.
  
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  Application of materials in medicine and dentistry. Classification of blood - material interactions. Cardiovascular applications. Dental implants. Orthopedic applications. Artificial organs. Practical aspects of biomaterials.
  

Literature:

1. 
   Fung Y.C. Biomechanics , Springer Verlag, Now-York , Berlin , 1981 , p. 411
   

The crystalchemistry and mineralogy of the biological tissue and their substitute

ĶST 564
Assistant Professor Švinka Ruta

Course description: 2Credit units; 32 hours (32 lectures)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

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  Elements of crystal symetrie and their combinations. 32 class of symetrie. Lattice Brave and their connection with crystal syngonies. Chemical bounds in the solid substances: ionic, covalentic, metallic and molecular bound. Ionic-covalentic bound, electronegativity. The dense arrangement of atoms. Coordinative number and their dependence on relation of ionic (atomic) radiuses. Isomorphysmus and solid solution. Solid solution of substitution, intrusion and displacing. Non-stehiometric compounds.
  
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  Orientation of crystals and symbols of sides.
  
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  Damage of crystalline lattice: point formed damages, dislocations, flat two-dimension (surface) damage.
  
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  Crystallization and growth of crystals. Crystallization as phase transition. Crystallization from solutions and meltings. Crystallization from solid state or as result of pholimorphic transition. The stages of crystallization. Formation of crystallization centers and growth of crystals. The forms of equilibrium, growth and solution. Connection between external form of crystals and their structure. Influence of additive on the growth forms of crystals. Influence of temperature, over saturation and moving of environment on the form of growing crystal. Unformed forms of crystal. Needle-shaped forms of crystals. Spherolyte.
  
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  Group of apatite mineral, their structure and properties. Prevalence of phosphate minerals in the humans tissues. Amorphous phosphate minerals. Dehydrate of calcium phosphate (brushite). Octacalcium phosphate. Vitlockite. Dehydrate of calcium pyrophosphate. Apatite of various forms. Interdependence of phosphate minerals in the humans tissues.
  
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  The structure and chemistry of precipitated hydroxyapatite. Well - crystallized hydroxyapatite. Amorphous calcium phosphate, surface chemistry and solubility. Hydroxyapatite of bone. Mineralisation of bone.
  

Literature:

1. 
   I.Kostov. Crystallographie. Mir, Moscow, 1965 (in Russian).
   
2. 
   J.O.Nriagu, P.B.Moore. Phosphate minerals. Springer - Verlag, 1984.
   

Human anatomy and the structure of biological tissue

ĶST 565