“chemical engineering”

Professor Jānis Vētra

Course description: 2 Credit units; 32 hours (32 lectures)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

• 
  The structural basis of human functional potency.
  
• 
  The analysis of human body from the point of view of biomechanical system. The function of different organs and tissue (bone, muscle, connective tissue, epithelium, etc.) in joint system on purpose to provide resulting mechanic functions and create adaptive potency of body.
  
• 
  Structures of soft and hard tissue and uniformity of features.
  
• 
  Collagen, its structure and forms. Combinations of minerals in connection with biopolymers. Synthesis of hard and soft tissue, regularities of mature and process of degradation. The structural basis and functional sense of anisotropy mechanic features of biological tissue.
  
• 
  Locomotor apparatus..
  
• 
  Elements of structure and their functions in gearing mechanical load. Levers and joint-pins in the function of extremities. Joints, elements of their structural functional sense. The reasons of loads and their form in joints.
  
• 
  Kinds, structure and composition of teeth.
  
• 
  Elements of teeth, the characteristics of their biological and mechanical features. Microstructure of tooth formation. Basic principles and elements of tooth fixation. The pathogenetic mechanisms of teeth injury.
  
• 
  Defect compensatory structural reactions in organs and tissue.
  
• 
  Regeneration. Compensatory mechanisms for recover of lost functions, analysis of their rise conditions, pathogenetic mechanisms of possible loads.
  

Literature:

1. 
   V.Kalbergs . Anatomija , Rīga, Zinātne , 1983, 285 pp. (in Latvian)
   
2. 
   J.Langman, M.N.Noerdeman. Atlas of Medical Anatomy./The Saunders Press, 1982, 523 pp.
   

The methods in studying materials

ĶST 569

Assistant Professor Janīna Sētiņa

Course description: 3Credit units; 48 hours (32 lectures, 16 laboratories)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

• 
  New methods of chemical analysis - tool for the conservator: essence, possibilities, classification. The method of thermal analysis. Simple and differential thermal analysis. Temperature measurements, thermoelements, heating elements. Differential thermogravimetry. Preparation of samples, the speed of heating. Identification of inorganic and organic substances.
  
• 
  Electomagnetic spectrum. X-ray diffraction analysis. The basic parts of X-ray diffraction apparatus: hight-voltage generator, power feeder, X-ray tube, holder, diffraction-spectrum recoding system. Breg’s formula . X-ray powder diffractometry. X-ray absorption - radiography, gammagraphy. Laue method; the reaserch of materials structure . Analysis of diffractograms. Standart Laue plots and ASTM.
  
• 
  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. XRF spectrometry of chemical elements.
  
• 
  Microscopic methods - non-destructive method for restauration, basis of the method. Optical and electron microscopy. Electron optical imaging systems - electron sources, lenses, signal and detector systems. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Contrast and resolution of images in TEM, SEM ; basic features of the TEM, SEM.
  
• 
  Carbon - 14 dating method for dating of ancient substances, experimental using of the method.
  
• 
  Spectroscopic method: transmittance, absorbtion, emission .
  
• 
  IR, Fourier-transform infrared, Raman spectrometry. UV, VIS spectrometry. Preparation of samples. Analysis of spectra. Advantages and disadvantages. Catalogues of infrared spectra. IR spectrometry for museum materials.
  
• 
  UV, VIS spectrometry. Visible spectra for the study of coloured compounds. Identification of pigments of painting, dyestuffs on textiles.
  
• 
  Fluorescence spectrometry.
  
• 
  Separation methods - chromatography; column, gas-liquid, paper and thin-layer chromatography. Treatment of samples.
  
• 
  Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Mossbauer spectroscopy.
  
• 
  Mass spectrometry; output and data handling.
  

Literature:

1. 
   O’Connor D. J., Sexton B. A., Smart R. St. C. (Eds.) Surface Analysis Methods in Materials Science, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1992, 453 p..
   
2. 
   F. Dtcn> {bvbz ndthljuj ntkf. Ntjhbz b ghbkj;tybz> x. 1>2> V.> Vbh> 1988.
   
3. 
   F. Ujhljy> H. Ajhl> Cgenybr [bvbrf> V.> Vbh> 1976.
   
4. 
   J.S. Mills, R. White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworths, London, 1987.
   
5. 
   N.S. Brommelle, G. Thomson (Eds.), Science and technology in the service of conservation, London WC2N 6BA, 1982.
   

Glass, ceramics and porcelain – material science

ĶST 571

Assistant Professor Ruta Švinka

Course description: 5Credit units; 80 hours (32lectures, 16 practice, 32 laboratories)

Control forms: exam

• 
  This subject contains three chapters accordingly the title.
  
• 
  Chapter N 1 – glass. The origin of glassware and history of their evolution. Characteristic of glassy state and their distinction from the crystalline state. Role of various chemical elements in the formation of glass. Viscosity and surface tension of malt and glass. Mechanical properties of glass: yielding, pressing and bending strength, brittlenes, and hardness. Thermal properties of glass: coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal durability, and thermal conductivity. Optical properties of glass: transparency, mirror and diffusive reflection, refractive index and dispersion. Colour of glasses and colouring matter. Chemical properties of glass. The influence of chemical composition of the properties of glass. Chemical and physical processes of the glass melting. Methods of formation of glass articles. Tempering and annealing of glass articles. Thermal tensions, change of yielding and pressing tensions in the annealing process. Decorating and mechanical treatment of glass articles.
  
• 
  Chapter N 2 – clay ceramics. The clay ceramics from antiquity till our days. Characteristics of raw materials, chemical and mineralogical compositions, plasticity. Characteristic of Latvian clays. Preparation of ceramic bodies. Fine ceramics: pottery, wall and floor tiles. Drying and firing of these articles. Chemical and physical processes which determine the general properties of fine ceramics. Glazing of ceramics articles and characteristic glazes. General properties of finished articles: texture, structure, porosity, thermal durability, and moisture expansion.
  
• 
  Heavy ceramics: bricks and roofing tiles. General properties of these articles: mechanical resistance, frost resistance, porosity. Dependence of these properties on the structure and texture of heavy ceramics.
  
• 
  Chapter N 3 – porcelain. The origin of porcelain (china) and history of their evolution. Characteristic raw materials. Preparation of porcelain body and formation of articles. Drying and firing. Phases composition and their influence on the general properties of porcelain. Transparency, mechanical properties, whiteness and chemical durability. Glazing and decorating of porcelain. Ceramic pigments and ceramics colours. Comparison of overglaze, underglaze and inside glaze colours.
  

Literature:

1. 
   R.Svinka, V.Svinka. Chemistry and technology of silicate materials. Verlag Ltd. Saknes, Riga, 1997, 192 p. (Latvian).
   
2. 
   R.Wihr. Estaurieren von Keramik und Glas. Entwicklung, Erhaltung, Nachbildung. Muinchen, 1977. 275 S.
   
3. 
   I.Moroz. Porcelain, earthenware, majolica. Kiev, Technik, 1975, 351 p. (rush.).
   
4. 
   H.Scholze. Glas. Natur, Struktur und Eigenschaften. – Berlin, Heidelberg, u.a. Springer-Verlag, 1988, 407 S.
   

Natural stone - materialscience

ĶST 572