Chapter hvac engineering Fundamentals: Part 1 Introduction


Second Law of Thermodynamics



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HVAC HANDBOOK

17.4
Second Law of Thermodynamics
There are two classical statements of the second law of thermodynam-
ics. The first was expressed by Kelvin and Planck:
No
(
heat
)
engine
whose working fluid undergoes a cycle can absorb heat from a single
reservoir, deliver an equivalent amount of work, and produce no other
effect.
To understand this statement, recognize that for energy to be
available at all, there must be a region of high energy level compared
to a region of lower energy level. Useful work must be derived from
the energy that would flow from the high potential region to the lower
potential region. But 100 percent of the energy cannot be converted to
work. If it were, the process would be dealing only with a single energy
region, in violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement. The reality of this
statement can be seen in our inability to extract energy from the en-
vironment unless there is a second, colder region to relate to.
The theoretical maximum efficiency

of a heat machine working
between two energy regions is defined in terms of temperatures on an
absolute scale as
T

T
T
H
L
L



1

T
T
H
H
where
T
H
is the temperature of the high energy region, and
T
L
is the
temperature of the low energy region.
As the temperatures approach equilibrium (
T
L

T
H
), the process
efficiency tends toward zero.
The second statement of the second law is credited to Clausius, who
said, ‘‘No machine whose working fluid undergoes a cycle can absorb
heat from one system, reject heat to another system and produce no
other effect.’’
Engineering Fundamentals: Part 2
Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
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