Chapter hvac engineering Fundamentals: Part 1 Introduction



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HVAC HANDBOOK

460
Chapter Eighteen
Figure 18.1
Conduction heat
transfer through a wall.
18.3
Thermal Conduction
For steady-state conduction in one direction through a homogeneous
material, the Fourier equation applies:
q
⫽ ⫺
kA dt
/
dx
(18.1)
where
q

heat transfer rate, Btu / h
k

thermal conductivity, Btu / (h

ft


F)
A

area normal to flow, ft
2
dt
/
dx

temperature gradient,

F / ft
The minus sign shows that heat flow takes place from a higher to a
lower temperature.
In HVAC calculations, homogeneous barriers are never encount-
ered—even when the solid barrier is homogeneous, there will be film
resistance at its surface, as shown in Fig. 18.1. The heat transfer equa-
tion is then modified as follows:
q

UA
(
T

T
)
(18.2)
1
2
where
U
is the overall coefficient of heat transfer per degree of tem-
perature difference between the two fluids which are separated by the
barrier. Usually, but not always,
U
is given in Btu per hour per square
foot per degree Fahrenheit. The temperatures and the area
A
must be
in units consistent with those of
U.
Various building materials and combinations thereof have been
tested to determine the
conductivity k
(Btu per hour per square foot
per inch or foot of thickness per degree Fahrenheit) or
conductance C
(for a nonhomogeneous material such as a concrete block, in Btu per
hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit). The tests are made in a
Engineering Fundamentals: Part 3
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