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Chapter Seventeen
Kinetic energy
is the energy of motion and is proportional to the
square of the velocity as well as to the mass of the moving body.
Internal energy
has to do with activity within the molecular struc-
ture of matter, and is typically observed with temperature measure-
ments.
Chemical energy
is related to the relationships between molecules
in chemical compounds. When different molecules combine in chemical
reaction, they may give off heat (exothermic reaction) or require heat
(endothermic reaction).
Electric energy
is related to electrons moving along a conductor.
Nuclear energy
is the energy of atomic relationships between the
fundamental particles of matter. Nuclear fission and fusion are reac-
tions which release stored nuclear energy.
Heat
is observed as energy in motion from one region to another
resulting from temperature difference.
Work
is an energy form which can be equated to the raising of a
weight. This may be mechanical work, such as moving a mass in a
force field, or it may be flow work, such as moving a liquid against a
resisting force.
Enthalpy
is a term used with energy units that combines internal
energy with a pressure / volume or flow work term.
Property
is a measurable characteristic of a system or a substance.
Temperature, pressure, and density (the inverse is the specific volume)
are all properties. The different kinds of energy, enthalpy, and entropy
are all considered properties.
Temperature
is a term used to quantify the difference between warm
and cold or the level of internal energy of a substance. The original
numerical designations were based on the difference between the
freezing point and boiling point of water. The Celsius scale defined the
difference in terms of 100 units with 0 as the freezing point and 100
as the boiling point. The Fahrenheit scale uses the freezing point of a
salt solution as the 0 point with pure water freezing and boiling at 32
and 212
⬚
F, respectively. The lowest possible temperature, the condition
at which molecular motion ceases, is called
absolute zero.
The absolute
scale which uses the Celsius increment is called the
Kelvin scale.
It
places absolute zero at
⫺
273
⬚
C, or the ice melting point of water at
⫹
273K. The absolute scale which uses the Fahrenheit increment is
called the
Rankine scale.
It places absolute zero at
⫺
460
⬚
F, or the ice
melting point of water at
⫹
492
⬚
R. There is no upper limit to a possible
temperature.
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