400
Chapter Twelve
in the electric distribution system. Distributed power-factor correction
is usually less expensive than central or consolidated correction. Cen-
tral correction usually requires automated control of on-line capaci-
tance, since the magnitude of on-line inductance varies with time.
12.5
Motors
Electric motors are devices which convert electric energy to kinetic
energy, usually in the form of a rotating shaft which can be used to
drive a fan, pump, compressor, etc. Single-phase motors are commonly
used up to 3 hp, occasionally larger. Three-phase motors are preferred
in electrical design for
3
⁄
4
-hp motors and larger, since they are self-
balancing on the three-phase service. Motors come in various styles
and with different efficiency ratings. The efficiency is typically related
to the amount of iron and copper in the windings; i.e., the more iron
for magnetic flux and the more copper for reduced resistance, gener-
ally the more efficient the motor. Words such as
standard
and
pre-
mium efficiency
are common.
Inverter duty
implies a motor built to
withstand the negative impacts of variable-frequency drive. Open
drip-proof (ODP) motors are used in general applications. Totally en-
closed fan-cooled (TEFC) motors are used in severe-duty environ-
ments. Explosion-proof motors may be needed in hazardous environ-
ments.
Motors are typically selected to operate at or below the motor name-
plate rating, although ODP motors often have a service factor of 1.15,
which implies that the motor will tolerate a slight overload, even on
a continuous basis. Since motors are susceptible to failure when they
are operated above the rated temperature, care must be taken in mo-
tor selection for hot environments such as downstream from a heating
coil. For altitudes above 3300 ft, motor manufacturers typically dis-
count the service factor to 1.0.
Motor windings are protected by overload devices which open the
power circuit if more than the rated amperage passes for more than
a predetermined time. This raises an interesting issue for a motor
assigned to drive a fan that has a disproportionately high moment of
rotational inertia. On start-up, a motor draws much more than the
full-speed operating current. The time required to bring a fan up to
speed may be too long if the motor doesn’t have enough torque to both
meet the load and accelerate the fan wheel. If the motor doesn’t come
up to speed within 10 to 15 s, it is likely that the motor protection
will cut out based on the starting amperage. A motor sized tightly to
a fan load may never get started. Therefore, it is important to size a
motor for both load and fan wheel inertia. Fan vendors can help with
Electrical Features of HVAC Systems
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