Electrical Features of HVAC Systems
399
TABLE
12.1 Electrical Voltages
Nominal
line voltage, V
Probable
service range, V
Nominal
motor rating, V
Motor
operating range, V
120
126– 114
115
126.5– 103.5
208
218– 197
200
220– 180
240
252– 228
230
253– 207
480
504– 456
460
506– 414
2300
2415–2185
2200
2420–1980
4160
4370–3950
4000
4400–3600
12.4
Power Factor
In ac systems where the voltage is constantly changing from positive
to negative and back again, current flow often lags the voltage. This
is particularly true of inductive loads such as motors, transformers,
and magnetic fluorescent lighting ballasts (a type of transformer), all
of which involve copper wire wound around a steel core.
As the voltage (electromotive force) propels electrons along the con-
ductor, the electrons tend to momentarily gather or store themselves
in the inductive body. It is as if the voltage has to tell the current to
catch up. The net effect is that the
true
power (instantaneous voltage
times instantaneous amperage) is usually less than the
apparent
power (maximum voltage times maximum amperage). The
power fac-
tor,
denoted by PF, is then defined as the cosine of the phase angle
between the voltage and the current. The power-defining equation for
three-phase power evolves to
Power
⫽
EI
兹
3(PF)
(12.2)
Since parasitic power losses in power distribution systems, as well
as conductor capacity, are based on current flow:
2
2
Power loss
⫽
(current) (resistance)
⫽
I R
having a greater than necessary current flow out of phase with the
voltage is detrimental to the overall electric system. Utility companies
often impose a cost penalty on consumers with poor power factors
(usually less than 0.90). The biggest contributors to a poor power fac-
tor are inductive devices which are only partially loaded. The HVAC
designer should avoid grossly oversized motors. The power factor is
corrected by connecting capacitors to the line to offset the inductive
effect. Capacitors have the opposite effect on current-voltage relation-
ships from inductances. Sometimes motor specifications include ca-
pacitors. Or the capacitors may be installed in the motor control cen-
ter. Less often, a bank of capacitors will be installed at a central point
Electrical Features of HVAC Systems
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