Design Procedures: Part 4
163
astrous. In addition, guides must be provided to prevent unwanted
lateral movement in the pipeline. A guide restrains the pipe laterally
while allowing it to move lengthwise. The pipe must be free to move
on other, intermediate supports.
6.6.5
Valves
A
valve
is a device for controlling the flow of fluid in a pipeline. Control
may mean limiting or throttling flow, preventing backflow, or com-
pletely stopping flow. Automatic control valves are discussed in Chap.
8. Manually operated valves are discussed here.
There are a great many types and configurations of manual valves.
They can be grouped into a few general classes.
Stop valves
are used
for shutoff of flow. The primary reason is to allow isolation of equip-
ment or sections of piping for repair or replacement.
Throttling valves
can be adjusted to control flow quantities within limits which depend
on the system pressure variations.
Backflow prevention valves,
includ-
ing
check valves,
are used to prevent flow in the wrong direction. Re-
verse flow may occur as a result of pressure changes and may degrade
system performance or may even be dangerous.
Pressure-reducing
valves
provide control of downstream pressure regardless of upstream
pressure variations, as long as upstream pressure exceeds down-
stream pressure.
Pressure relief valves
are safety devices which open
to relieve excessive pressures which might damage the system.
Traditionally, the most common stop valve has been the
gate valve.
In the full-open position, the gate is out of the way and resistance to
flow is minimal. In the fully closed position, the gate seats tightly and
flow is effectively stopped. The gate valve is not a good throttling de-
vice. Gate valves are made in many sizes, configurations, and mate-
rials to handle almost any fluid or pressure.
In larger piping over 3 or 4 in, it may be less expensive to use a
butterfly valve.
Butterfly valves are made in flange, wafer, or tapped
lug configuration. Do not use a wafer valve for dead-end service be-
cause it is held in place by clamping between the adjoining pipes. The
tapped lug body works as a flange union joint and can be used for
dead-end service. Butterfly valves are available in a more limited
range of pressure ratings and materials compared to gate valves.
For throttling control, the
globe-type valve
is often recommended.
Globe valves are made in many configurations, but all have a shaped
plug, such that gradual throttling can be accurately accomplished.
Many different sizes, materials, and pressure ratings are available.
A
needle valve
is similar in principle to a globe valve, but with a
needlelike plug. Needle valves are used mostly in small sizes for fine-
tuning very small flows.
Design Procedures: Part 4
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