Chapter 1: complex number


Complex Exponential function as



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LECTURE-1 Complex number S1 2021-2022

Complex Exponential function as 
z
e
 
We also need to give a meaning to the expression 
z
e
when 
z
i
x
y
 
is a complex 
number. Using the Taylor series for 
z
e
as our guide, we define 
0
2
3
4
1
!
!
!
2
3
4
!
z
n
n
e
z
z
z
z
z
n



  




(7) 
and it turns out that this complex exponential function has the same properties as the real exponential 
function. In particular, it is true that 
1
2
1
2
z
z
z
z
e
e
e



(8) 
If we put 
z
y
i

, where 
y
is a real number, in Equation (7), and use the facts that 
2
3
2
4
2
2
5
3
2
,
,
,
,
1
1
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i
 
   
  
  
we get 
 
   
 
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
4
3
5
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
cos
sin .
!
!
1
2
3
4
5
!
!
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
4
3
5
z
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
i
i
i
y
e
  




  






























(7.1) 
Here we have used the Taylor series for 
cos
y
and 
sin
y
. The result is a famous formula 
called 
Euler’s formula

cos
sin .
i
y
y
i
y
e


(9) 
Combining 
Euler’s
formula (9) with (8), we get 


cos
sin
x
y
x
y
x
i
i
e
e
i
e
e
y
y





(10) 
Thus, 
z
e
represents complex function with real part 
cos
x
e
y

and the imaginary part 
sin
x
e
y

. The exponential function with arbitrary (real) base is defined via the exponential function 
as 


IIUM, Faculty of Engineering, 
 
Department Engineering in Science 
Engineering Mathematics I
 
Semester 1, 2021/2022
 
Chapter I:
 
Complex Numbers
 
Lecturer
Associate Professor Dr. Abdurahim Okhunov
23
ln
z
z
a
a
e


The power function can also be defined via the exponential function. In this course we will 
work just with integer powers of 
z
: So, let 
n
be an integer. 
 
i
n
n
n
n
i
r e
=
z
=
r
e


 

Example 15. 
Evaluate: 
a)
i
e

and
b) 
1
2
i
e

 
Solution: 
a)
From (8) we have 
 
cos
sin
1
0
1
i
e
i
i





  
 

b)
Using (9) we get 


1
1
1
1
2
2
c
0
1
2
o
2
s
sin
i
i
e
i
i
i
e
e
e
e
e




 










  





Using the trigonometric representation, the formulas for multiplication and division of two 
complex numbers become easier than when the Cartesian form of complex numbers is used. If 
1
z
is a 
complex number with modulus 
1
r
and phase 
1

and 
2
z
is a number with modulus 
2
r
and phase 
2


then 

 







1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
+
i
r
r
r
cos
+ sin
cos
+ sin
cos
+
+ sin
z
=
i
i
z
i
r
+
r r e
 




 
 





 
 


with the agreement that if 
1
2
 

is larger than 
2

; then 
2

is subtracted from this sum. This gives 
us an 
easy formula for the
th
n
power
of a complex number 


=
cos
r
n
z
+
i
si


which we will 
discuss below. 
Finally, we note that 
Euler’s formula
(8) provides us with an easier method of proving De 
Moivre’s Theorem: 


 


cos
sin
cos
sin
n
i
n
n
r
re
r
n
y
n
i
y
i











(10.a) 


IIUM, Faculty of Engineering, 
 
Department Engineering in Science 
Engineering Mathematics I
 
Semester 1, 2021/2022
 
Chapter I:
 
Complex Numbers
 
Lecturer
Associate Professor Dr. Abdurahim Okhunov
24
De Moiver’s Theorem: 
If 
x
y
r e
i
z

  
i
 and 
n
 is a natural number, then 


 
n
n
n
n
n
r e
z
r
i
e
x
y







i
i
 
(11)
 
Example 16 
(The natural number power of a Complex number)

Use De Moivre’s theorem to find 


10
1
i

. Write the answer in exact rectangular form. 
Solution: 



  






10
10
10
10
0
0
cos
s
1
.
0
in
0
0
0
45
45
45
i
i
0
i
450
450
Rectangular f
e
o
2
2
32
32
32
3
i
i
i
i
2
m
e
r
e




 
=
=
=
=
=
Matched Problem: 
1.
Use De Moivre’s theorem to find 


5
1
3
i

. Write the answer in exact rectangular form. 
2.
Use De Moivre’s theorem to find 


4
1
3
i

. Write the answer in exact rectangular form. 
The Powers and 
n
th
 Root of complex numbers 
The 
th
n
Root of complex numbers are: 






n
n
n
=
cos + sin
n
n
=
cos
+ sin
i
z
i
r
r















For example 


 


 


 
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
1.
;
2.
;
3.
.
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
r e
r e
r e
r e
r e
r
x
e
y
x
y
x
i
y















Explore – Discuss

If 
i
z
r e


, then use 
De Moivre’s theorem
to show that 
1 2
2
i
r e

is a square root of 
z
and 
1 3
3
i
r e

is a cube root of 
z
. We can proceed in the same way as in 
Explore – Discuss
to show that 
1
i
n
n
r e

is an 
th
n
root of 
i
r e


n
a natural number: 


IIUM, Faculty of Engineering, 
 
Department Engineering in Science 
Engineering Mathematics I
 
Semester 1, 2021/2022
 
Chapter I:
 
Complex Numbers
 
Lecturer
Associate Professor Dr. Abdurahim Okhunov
25
 
1
1
i
i
i
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
r e
r
e
r e











But we can do even better than this. 
Theorem 2
(
th
n
– Root Theorem
)
:
 
For 
n
 a positive integer greater, then 


1
1
1
cos
sin
n
n
n
n
r
r
e
z
i
i







(12)
 
But this formula gives us only first root, therefore 
Theorem 3
(
th
n
– Root Theorem
)
:
 
For 
n
 a positive integer greater, then 
1
1
1
is number o
, , ,
,
f roo
2
~
2
ts
.
0 1
1
cos
si
2
2
,
,
n
n
n
n
k
n
n
k
i
n
n
k
k
r
r
n
z
i
e
n
n
n















































(13)
 
Are the 
n
distinct 
th
n
roots of 
i
r e

, and there are no others. For example 
1
3
3
3
2
8
8
,
8
 


Example 17 
(Roots of Complex number)

Find all the values of 
x
for 
3
8
x
 
, and locate these values in a complex plane. 
Solution: 
First, we have to present this complex form as 
z
i
a
b
 
. So we have that 
8
0
z
i
  
, this we can 
write in polar form: 
 
2
8
0
64
8
z
r



 

and 
180
 
 

where 
3
n

, and 
,
0
2
,
1
k

, then 
0
180
 
 
Im
Re
Im
8

0
180
 
 


IIUM, Faculty of Engineering, 
 
Department Engineering in Science 
Engineering Mathematics I
 
Semester 1, 2021/2022
 
Chapter I:
 
Complex Numbers
 
Lecturer
Associate Professor Dr. Abdurahim Okhunov
26
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
cos
sin
cos
sin
;
c
2
2
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
,
,
os
sin
cos
sin
;
0
1
3
3
3
1
3
0
z
z
k
r
r
k
i
r
r
i
i
k
i










 
 













































































































1
1
1
3
3
3
cos
sin
cos
sin
.
2
2
4
4
1
3
3
3
3
3
,
3
2
2
i
r
z
i
r




 
 
























































Example 18 
(Finding all Sixth Roots of a Complex number)

Find six distinct sixth roots of 
1
3
i
 
, and plot them in a complex plane. 
Solution: 
The first we will write 
1
3
i
 
in polar form: 
 
 
 
2
2
ta
0
n
12
1
3
1 3
4
2
3
1
z
r
3






 


 


, then 
60
1
3
2
i
z
i
e

  
 

Using the 
th
n
– root theorem, all six roots are given by 


0
0
0
0
120
360
6
6
1 6
20
60
1 6
2
,
, , , , ,
2
0 1 2 3 4 5
k
k
i
i
e
k
e












Thus,


 


 


 


 


 


 
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
60
20
20
60
80
20
60
140
20
60
200
20
60
26
0
1 6
1 6
1
1 6
1 6
2
1 6
1 6
3
1 6
1 6
4
1 6
1 6
5
1 6
1 6
0
20
60
320
;
;
.
;
;
;
1
2
3
4
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
6
i
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
w
w
w
w
w
w
e
2


























w
2
 
w
1
 
w
3
 
w
4
 
w
5
 
w
6
 
Radius 
2
1
/
6
 


IIUM, Faculty of Engineering, 
 
Department Engineering in Science 
Engineering Mathematics I
 
Semester 1, 2021/2022
 
Chapter I:
 
Complex Numbers
 
Lecturer
Associate Professor Dr. Abdurahim Okhunov
27

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