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THE LITTLE ICE AGE
QUESTIONS 14 – 17 CHOOSE
THE CORRECT HEADING FOR
PARAGRAPHS
14. PARAGRAPH B
In paragraph B, “The climate events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the mod
ern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming”. This
means that the Little Ice Age is the background to/ relates to the current unprecedented global
warming. The Little Ice Age has had an effect on today‟s world.
– today = current
=> ANSWER: ii – the relevance of the Little Ice Age today
15. PARAGRAPH D
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The first sentence in paragraph D is: “This book is a narrative history
of climate shifts during the
past ten centuries. This paragraph refers to information about a book ~ a study which conside
rs evidence during the last ten centuries = a thousand years.
– a century = 100 years
=> ANSWER: vii – A study covering a thousand years
16. PARAGRAPH E
The last sentence in paragraph E states: “The increased productivity from farmland made some
countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine”. This
means that thanks to
the productivity from farmland, some countries have enough food against
famine
– self -sufficient = enough to survive from their own resources
– grain and livestock = food
– livestock: the animals kept on a farm, for example cows or sheep
– ANSWER: ix – Enough food at last
17. PARAGRAPH F
In paragraph F, a vast migration from Europe by land-
hungry farmers and others resulted in the
spread of European intensive farming methods to other countries.
This caused an unprecedente
d
land clearance, releasing vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere “triggering for t
he
first time humanly caused global warming”. => This means that humans had an impact on the
climate.
=> ANSWER: ix – Human impact on the climate
QUESTIONS 18-22: COMPLETE THE SUMMARY USING THE LIST
OF WORDS,
A-I
, BELOW.
18. & 19. ICE CORES AND TREE RINGS [IN ANY ORDER]
In paragraph C, the writer explains that systematic weather observations only began a few centuries
ago (even more recently in India and Tropical Africa). So, before records began, we have on
ly “proxy records” reconstructed largely
from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few
incomplete written accounts”. This means that before records began, there was only the „proxy record‟
reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, and also from the written accounts which are
limited.
– documentation = written accounts
– limited = incomplete
=> ANSWER: ice cores & tree rings
20. CLIMATE SHIFTS
In paragraph B, “The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw
of rapid climate shifts”. This means that the Little Ice Age was
not a time of only freezing
temperatures but shifts/rapid changes in climate.
– deep freeze = consistent freezing
– consistent: always behaving in the same way, or having the same opinions, standards, etc
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– shifts = changes = seesaw
=> ANSWER: climate shifts
21. STORMS
In paragraph B, “The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then
switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters,
and frequent
Atlantic storms” => This means that the „seesaw‟ or movements of climate between two extremes,
brought some periods of very cold winters, storms and heavy rain.
– intensely = very
=> ANSWER: storms
22. HEAT WAVES
In paragraph B the writer refers to: “periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer
heat waves” This „seesaw‟ of changes in climate also brought heat waves=periods of very hi
gh temperatures, and drought [long periods with no rain].
QUESTIONS 23 – 26 CLASSIFY EVENTS
23. MANY EUROPEANS STARTED FARMING ABROAD.
Key words: Europeans, farming abroad.
In
paragraph F, the writer explains that in the beginning of the Modern Warm Period, there were many
European land-hungry farmers and others migrating to other countries like North America,
Australia or New Zealand to farm => This means that they moved to other countries to start farming
= they started farming abroad.
=> ANSWER: C – Modern Warm Period
24. THE CUTTING DOWN OF TREES BEGAN TO AFFECT THE CLIMATE.
Key words: cutting down of trees, affect, climate
In paragraph F, also in the Modern Warm Period: “Millions of hectares
of forest and woodland fell
before the newcomers axes…triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming”.
=> ANSWER: C – Modern Warm Period
25. EUROPEANS DISCOVERED OTHER LANDS
Key words: Europeans, discovered, lands
In paragraph D, in the Medieval Warm Period, “During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from
Northern Europe explored seas, settled Greenland and visited North America”.
This means that, during
the time of the Medieval Warm Period, Europeans discovered other lands like Greenland and North
America.
– discovered = explored
=> ANSWER: A – Medieval Warm Period
26. CHANGES TOOK PLACE IN FISHING PATTERNS
Key words: Changes, fishing patterns
In paragraph E, during the Little Ice Age, “Dried cod and herring were already staples of the
European fish trade, but changes in water temperature forced fishing fleets to work further offshore.
The Basques, Dutch and English developed the first offshore fishing boats…”
Dried cod and herring
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are two kinds of fish; the changes in water temperature made people have to go further offshore to
catch fish, so that is a change in fishing patterns.
– fishing fleets: a group of ships fishing together
=> ANSWER: B – Little Ice Age
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