C# Language Specification

Indexers

An indexer is a member that enables objects to be indexed in the same way as an array. An indexer is declared like a property except that the name of the member is this followed by a parameter list written between the delimiters [ and ]. The parameters are available in the accessor(s) of the indexer. Similar to properties, indexers can be read-write, read-only, and write-only, and the accessor(s) of an indexer can be virtual.

The List class declares a single read-write indexer that takes an int parameter. The indexer makes it possible to index List instances with int values. For example

List names = new List();
names.Add("Liz");
names.Add("Martha");
names.Add("Beth");
for (int i = 0; i < names.Count; i++) {
string s = names[i];
names[i] = s.ToUpper();
}

Indexers can be overloaded, meaning that a class can declare multiple indexers as long as the number or types of their parameters differ.

4. Events

An event is a member that enables a class or object to provide notifications. An event is declared like a field except that the declaration includes an event keyword and the type must be a delegate type.

Within a class that declares an event member, the event behaves just like a field of a delegate type (provided the event is not abstract and does not declare accessors). The field stores a reference to a delegate that represents the event handlers that have been added to the event. If no event handles are present, the field is null.

The List class declares a single event member called Changed, which indicates that a new item has been added to the list. The Changed event is raised by the OnChanged virtual method, which first checks whether the event is null (meaning that no handlers are present). The notion of raising an event is precisely equivalent to invoking the delegate represented by the event—thus, there are no special language constructs for raising events.

Clients react to events through event handlers. Event handlers are attached using the += operator and removed using the -= operator. The following example attaches an event handler to the Changed event of a List.

using System;

class Test

{
static int changeCount;

static void ListChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) {

changeCount++;
}

static void Main() {

List names = new List();
names.Changed += new EventHandler(ListChanged);
names.Add("Liz");
names.Add("Martha");
names.Add("Beth");
Console.WriteLine(changeCount); // Outputs "3"
}
}

For advanced scenarios where control of the underlying storage of an event is desired, an event declaration can explicitly provide add and remove accessors, which are somewhat similar to the set accessor of a property.

5.