Dig deeper
Translate is another word related to transfer—and not just because they both feature the trans- prefix.
Now, English has irregular verbs: saw is the past tense of see, for instance, and bought is the past tense of buy. Latin had irregular verbs, too, as do many other languages. Without getting too technical, the verb ferre (meaning, if you’ll recall, “to carry”) formed past tenses based on tulī (“I carried”), and formed part participles based on lātus. That means translate is derived from the past participle form of transfer: trānslātus, literally “carried across,” as in a text that has been copied over.
Isn’t it wild how so many words are related? Yep, relate—along with relationship, relation, and many other words—comes from the past participle form of referre (“to carry back,” source of refer), which was relātus.
verb (trænsˈfɜː) -fers, -ferring or -ferred
to change or go or cause to change or go from one thing, person, or point to anotherthey transferred from the Park Hotel to the Imperial; she transferred her affections to her dog
to change (buses, trains, etc)
law to make over (property, etc) to another; convey
SEE MORE
noun (ˈtrænsfɜː)
the act, process, or system of transferring, or the state of being transferred
a person or thing that transfers or is transferred
(as modifier)a transfer student
a design or drawing that is transferred from one surface to another, as by ironing a printed design onto cloth
The conveyance or removal of something from one place to another.
A condition in which learning in one situation influences learning in another situation. It may be positive, as when learning one behavior facilitates the learning of something else, or negative, as when one habit interferes with the acquisition of a later one.
Our brain is already wired with linguistic rules that help us operate in our first language. When we try to learn a second language, we rely on these established rules and structures to guess how the new language works. For example, Korean sentences use a subject-object-verb structure, while English sentences follow a subject-verb-object structure. Thus, a Korean speaker of English may incorrectly say: ''I your cat saw.'' Japanese words don't allow two consonants next to each other, so a Japanese speaker of English may add a vowel to pronounce an English word more easily: ''star'' might sound like ''sutar.'' Similarly, Spanish speakers tend to add 'e' before words starting with 's': '' star'' will sound like ''estar.''
Language transfer can be positive and negative. Positive transfer facilitates learning, while negative transfer impedes learning. The greater the differences between two languages, the more the negative effects. Thus, language acquisition ease can be predicted by the amount of similarities and differences between L1 and L2.
Let's first take a look at negative transfer types. Negative transfer occurs when L1 knowledge influences L2 understanding and results in errors. Such transfer hinders the acquisition of L2 at least temporarily. It affects word choice, word order, pronunciation, and any other aspect of L2. Let's take a look at some of the different types of negative transfer:
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |